Climate Zones of Africa What is climate? WEATHER CONDITIONS Does climate matter to how people live? YES!!! AFRICA HAS THREE MAJOR CLIMATE ZONES

SAVANNA: grass, few trees, flat land

RAIN FOREST: jungle, many trees

DESERTS: dry, little water, sand everywhere

THE SAHEL – is an area of land that reaches from Senegal to Sudan most affected by the changes taking place in the SAHARA DESERT.

The trouble with the desert…. DESERTIFICATION – the rapid (fast) expansion of deserts. CAUSES: Overgrazing Deforestation Population increase Drought https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfbM-DNMnNg

Earliest People of Africa LUCY was the first hominid discovered in Ethiopia by Mary and Louis Leakey Evidence of early Neolithic settlements were found By 1000 CE a wave of migrations began throughout Africa These were known as the BANTU migrations WHY DO PEOPLE MOVE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER?

Push – Pull Factors? What would make you leave a place? What would make you go somewhere?

Why were African Trading Kingdoms important?

African Trading Kingdoms THERE WERE THREE AFRICAN TRADING KINGDOMS GHANA, MALI and SONGHAI All located in west Africa TRADE ROUTES (roads)CROSSED THE SAHARA DESERT

WHAT DID THEY TRADE? GOLD SALT

GHANA means “LAND OF GOLD” Gold was traded for SALT

Salt is necessary for life Add salt water, evaporate, leave salt, repeat to achieve tablets of salt

Mali- 13th – 15th centuries

TRADE FROM MALI TO NORTH & WEST TRADE ROUTES BLOCKS OF SALT NOMAD TRADERS KINGDOM OF MALI

CULTURAL DIFFUSION EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND IDEAS RELGIONS ARE SPREAD THROUGH TRADE THE RELIGION OF ISLAM COMES FROM MIDDLE EAST TO AFRICA IN MALI THE CITY OF TIMBUKTU BECAME A CENTER OF LEARNING

http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2016/09/08/what-is-the-hajj-pilgrimage-mecca-sdg-orig.cnn

Mali under MANSA MUSA experienced a GOLDEN AGE Mali’s Golden Age Mali under MANSA MUSA experienced a GOLDEN AGE

WHAT IS A GOLDEN AGE? GOLDEN AGE A TIME WHEN THERE IS PEACE, CREATIVITY AND PROSPERITY (WEALTH)

HOMEWORK REVIEW slash-and-burn agriculture = farming methods where forest is cut down and then burned. nuclear family = a family where parents and children live and worktogether. patrilineal = inheritance is passed down from the father’s side. matrilineal = inheritance is passed down from the mother’s side. lineage = group of households with a common ancestor.

What was the role of the griots? GRIOTS = poets who told ancient stories to the people in the village. WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

African Culture THE VILLAGE THE FAMILY RELIGION Important parts of African Culture: THE VILLAGE THE FAMILY RELIGION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pe6mR9uIWTg

How did European contact with Africa change the continent forever? From the Atlantic Slave Trade to Colonialism

Atlantic Slave Trade Between the 15th and 18th centuries millions of Africans were taken from Africa across the Atlantic to the New World They were forced to work on plantations: large farms where slaves worked (cotton, tobacco, sugar) Journey known as Middle Passage Slave trade also called TRIANGLE TRADE

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE Conditions on the slave ships were terrible Slaves were packed into the ships side by side and chained together There was very little space around them and many became sick from the journey

SLAVE AUCTION (SALE) NOTICE

ONCE A SLAVE WAS BOUGHT HE or SHE WAS OFTEN BRANDED (marked)

SLAVES WERE BEATEN BY THEIR MASTERS (19th c slave)

What was the impact of the slave trade? Population decline Villages are wiped out African culture is destroyed Africans come to the Americas IMPERIALISM or COLONIALISM BEGINS

Impact on Africa 20 MILLION WERE TAKEN HALF MAY NOT HAVE SURVIVED THE JOURNEY SLAVE TRADE CAUSED: POPULATION DECLINE FAMILIES TO BE TORN APART MANY AFRICAN VILLAGES DISAPPEARED

Looking forward….. 1700s to 1800s: AFRICA will be seen as valuable for its resources During the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Africa will be divided by European countries for those resources 1900s: Africa will become tired of European control…

ABOLISH = TO END ABOLITIONISTS = PEOPLE WHO WANTED TO END SLAVERY 1802: DENMARK ENDED SLAVERY 1807: ENGLAND ENDED SLAVERY 1848: FRANCE ENDED SLAVERY 1865: THE U.S. ENDED SLAVERY