Longitudinal Parenchyma

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Presentation transcript:

Longitudinal Parenchyma Hardwood Cell Type Longitudinal Parenchyma Always present Small & thin walled cells 50-150 m long 20-30 m diameter Remain alive in sapwood (when functioning) Function - storage Simple pits between longitudinal parenchyma Arrangement Apotracheal Paratrachel Boundary

Hardwood longitudinal parenchyma (Wilson and White) longitudinal parenchyma

Longitudinal parenchyma Grubbia sp. Amburana cearensis http://www.sherwincarlquist.com/images_500/we-primitive-dicot-woods-r.jpg http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/wood/images/ambur_x2.jpg

Longitudinal parenchyma Apotracheal Paratracheal Boundary

(Hoadley)

(Hoadley)

(Hoadley)

Hardwood Cell Type Ray Parenchyma Procumbent Upright Always present Height - few to many cells high - 50 m to several cm Function - transport and storage Simple pits between ray parenchyma Semi-borderet pits with vessel elements Procumbent - blunt-ended cylinder, radially elongated (always present) Upright - rectangular, long axis vertical (sometimes present) Can be either homocellular or heterocellular Conformation can be: uniseriate multiseriate aggregate Procumbent Upright

Hardwood Rays Transverse section view Aspen Ash Red Oak

Ray ends Tangential and radial surfaces expose rays in many species to the naked eye. They give wood a certain aesthetic appeal. Ray flecks (Hoadley)

On a tangential surface, a ray that consists of a single vertical series of cells – one cell wide ray – is a uniseriate ray. If is two cells wide, it is a biseriate ray, and if it is three or more cells wide it is multiseriate. (Hoadley)

Tangential section procumbent upright

Radial section upright procumbent (Hoadley)

Hardwood rays Ray ends Multiseriate ray ends Uniseriate ray ends

Model of water flow in hardwoods Vessel Fiber Fiber Longitudinal parenchyma Longitudinal parenchyma The relative magnitude of the flows are indicated by the sizes and textures of the arrows. Ray parenchyma (Siau) pith bark

Tyloses Bubble-like or membranous materials that fill or occlude the lumens of vessel elements. They result from the protrusion of a pit membrane and growth of protoplasm into the empty vessel lumen from a living parenchyma cell. The latter may be longitudinal or ray parenchyma. (Côté)

Tylosis formation Tyloses develop through the larger pits (min. 8-10 μm) at the time of heartwood formation in the tree. The heartwood of most temperate zone hardwoods contain tyloses in varying amounts. (Butterfield, Meylan & Peszlen)

Tyloses formation (White oak) Sapwood Heartwood (The Wood Database)

Tyloses (Butterfield, Meylan & Peszlen)