African History Key concepts 2.3 Emergence of regional/transregional networks of communication and change 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State forms and their interactions 3.3 Increased economic productive capacity and its social consequences

Review Ideas Increase of long distance trade amongst large scale empires Raw materials and luxury goods Exchanges of technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals and disease

Axum, 4th --7th c. CE

Indian Ocean Trade

North African and Trans-Saharan Trade

Key Concept: 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State forms and their interactions Empires collapsed and were reconstituted, New forms of government emerged (Islamic states, Mongol Khanates, city states…) Inter-regional contacts and conflicts encouraged technology transfers

Kilwa Height in the 1300’s but from 900 Arab, Indian and Swahili influence Ibn Battuta visit in 1330 World Heritage endangered list due to climate change

Great Zimbabwe Cattle *Gold *Trade Portuguese *Cecil Rhodes

“I was the archaeologist stationed at Great Zimbabwe “I was the archaeologist stationed at Great Zimbabwe. I was told by the then-director of the Museums and Monuments organization to be extremely careful about talking to the press about the origins of the [Great] Zimbabwe state. I was told that the museum service was in a difficult situation, that the government was pressurizing them to withhold the correct information. Censorship of guidebooks, museum displays, school textbooks, radio programmes, newspapers and films was a daily occurrence. Once a member of the Museum Board of Trustees threatened me with losing my job if I said publicly that blacks had built Zimbabwe. He said it was okay to say the yellow people had built it, but I wasn't allowed to mention radio carbon dates... It was the first time since Germany in the thirties that archaeology has been so directly censored.”

Ghana Mali

Intensification of hemispheric trade Key Concept 3.3 Increased economic productive capacity and its social consequences Intensification of hemispheric trade Increased significance of urban centers Increasing cross-cultural contact and conflict Dissemination of ideas (East Asia and Dar al Islam cultural and intellectual engines with missionaries, merchants and military personnel) ----including Mongols as the conduits. Decline of urban areas in some areas due to invasion, disease, declining agricultural productivity and Little Ice Age. New forms of coerced labor emerged

Sundiata West African monarch Founded what becomes Mali Nominally Muslim Kept traditional religious functions of W. African rulers Lots of trade Imperial system he set up lasted after death 1255