Prologue Section 1 The Legacy of Ancient Greece & Rome Objective: Analyze the sacrifices people have made for democracy Vocabulary: Government, Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, Democracy, Direct Democracy, Republic, & Senate Describe the perfect government. What types of things would you like to have, who would run this government, what rules would you have… (provide examples & details to justify your reasoning) In your opinion, why do we need a government?

Setting the Stage People in history have recognized the need for a system for exercising authority & control within their society Small bands of people didn’t need a formal organization Larger groups lived under rulers; who often had total power People eventually believed that even in a large group they could govern themselves without a powerful ruler Why do people need control within their society?

Athens Builds A Limited Democracy 2000 B.C. the Greeks established cities, each city-state had it’s own type of government Government: a system for controlling a society Monarchy: a single person is in control of a society Aristocracy: government ruled by a small group of nobles Oligarchy: government ruled by a few powerful people Democracy: means “rule of the people” (demos – people & kratos – power)

Building Democracy Athens was the largest & most powerful city-state to emerge in Greece Citizens in Athens often participated in governmental decision making Citizens were adult male residents who enjoyed certain rights & responsibilities An assembly of citizens elected nobles to rule the city-state However, a strong leader had to step in to deal with political & economic crisis Based on this information, who probably did have a say?

Reforms of Solon & Cleisthenes 594 B.C. Solon made it possible for free male citizens to vote However, Athenian Law still denied citizenship to women, slaves, & foreign residents 508 B.C. Cleisthenes balanced the power of the rich & poor Cleisthenes established the Council of Five Hundred – where they submitted laws for debate & passage Solon outlawed slavery based on debt & cancelled the farmers debts Slaves were about 1/3 of the Athenian population

Greek Democracy Changes 490 to 479 B.C., the Greeks fought Persian invaders who attempted to conquer Greece Athens held public debates on how to defend their city Pericles strengthened Greek democracy by increasing the number of paid officials & paying jurors Direct Democracy: citizens rule & make laws directly rather than through representatives Explain difference between direct and indirect.

Greek Philosophers Use Reason Greek Philosophers used logic & reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society, & morality Socrates – used the Socratic method which used a question & answer approach Plato – Socrates’ pupil who wrote “The Republic” Aristotle – Plato’s student wrote “Politics”

Legacy of Greece Greece set lasting standards in government & philosophy They developed a direct democracy so that citizens could actively participate in political decisions The Greeks were the first to develop 3 branches of government Legislative to pass laws, an executive to carry out the laws, & judicial to settle disputes about the laws What other country has 3 branches of government?

Rome Develops A Republic While Greece was in decline the Romans were on the rise 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew a harsh king & established a Republic Republic: a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to elect the leaders who make governmental decisions Two groups struggled for power in Rome Patricians – aristocratic landowners who made laws for Rome & its people Plebeians – commoners with the right to vote

Twelve Tables & Republican Government The Plebeians forced the creation of a written law code The Twelve Tables were written laws that established the idea that all free citizens had the right to protection of the laws The Romans established a government with separate branches (Senate & Assembly) Senate: legislative branch that controlled foreign & financial policies Why should people write down laws?

Roman Law The Romans created a system of laws that could be applied throughout the Roman Empire Important principles of Roman Law were All citizens had the right to equal treatment under the law A person is considered innocent until proven guilty Burden of proof rested on the accuser rather than the accused A law that seems unreasonable could be set aside

A Written Legal Code & Legacy of Rome 528 Emperor Justinian ordered the completion of all Roman laws to be written down The Code contained 5000 Roman Laws The Code of Justinian became a guide on legal matters throughout Western Europe Rome’s greatest & lasting legacy was its written legal code Even rulers & other powerful person could be held accountable for their actions