A Review of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces NADH but NAD+ must be regenerated.

Pyruvate Branch Point Title slide - several ways to go

A Review of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP.

Net Reaction of Glycolysis Net of glycolysis

Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH NAD+ must be regenerated.Under aerobic conditions use the electron transport change and oxidative phosphorylation.

Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH Under anaerobic conditions another acceptor must be used.

Fates of Pyruvate The fates of pyruvate. Two reductions and one oxidation.

Lactate DH and Regeneration of NADH Lactic acid dehydrogenase. ∆Gº= –25.1 kJ/mol

Lactate from Pyruvate Pyruvate

Inefficient Anaerobic Metabolism ∆Gº Get much more energy from aerobic metabolism.

Inefficient Anaerobic Metabolism Anaerobic muscle Sprinter, alligator, rhino, dinosaur Erythrocytes Deep sea animals Anaerobic bacteria Blood-living parasites Trypanosomes Who lives anaerobically?

Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast Yeast makes ethanol.

Industrial Fermentations Starch Butanol Acetone Starch, molasses Methanol Ethanol Formic Acid Glycerol Who says that biochemistry isn’t important?

Industrial Fermentations Grape sugar Wine Champagne (CO2) Milk sugar Yogurt Cabbage Sauerkraut Important industrial fermentations.

Industrial Fermentations Cucumbers Pickles Cornstalks Silage More

Lactate Salvage: Gluconeogenesis What do you do with the lactate? Recycle. Some shared enzymes Reciprocal regulation In liver of mammals