April 7, 2015 Block Today’s Class Objectives: Analyze the rulers after Catherine II to determine their effect on Russian history.

Alexander I Nicholas I Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II

Why did Russia, the largest in land and population of any European nation, remain weak during the 19c? lagging industrial development undeveloped natural resources lack of access to the seas and oceans conflict with other nations lack of unity (contained many subject nationalities)

change; and may suggest Vocab Liberal Radical Conservative Terrorists Radical Liberal Conservative Those who want great change; and may suggest less than legal means to get it Those who want some change, but want it “legally” Those IN POWER, Who want to KEEP power. “Status quo”

Domestic vs. Foreign affairs Deals with Laws/actions Regarding their nation, their citizens. Actions the nation Has with OTHER nations

Pair-Share Activity: Review your answers How did liberalism affect Russia’s domestic policy? 2. Describe two features of Russia’s domestic policies 3. Describe two features of Russia’s foreign

How did liberalism affect Russia’s domestic policy? many tsars reacted by becoming more absolute and more “autocratic” censored speech and press

Describe two features of Russia’s domestic policies “What do we do with so restless minorities?” Another name for these “minorities”? Pogroms Russification - (subject nationalities) “Autocracy”, “Orthodoxy” and “Nationality” Russian only language spoken Forced to follow only the Orthodox Faith Secret Police How?

Describe two features of Russia’s foreign policies Pan Slavism Expansion of the Empire (south & east) South: at the expense of Ottoman Empire East: Manchuria (Japan wanted it too….which caused the “Russo-Japanese War” (1905)

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c “The Sick Man of Europe” Both Austria and Russia wanted land from Ottoman Empire PAN-SLAVISM WHY? Many subject – nationalities of Ottoman Empire also belonged to the same language family as the RUSSIANS - known as the “SLAVIC” family of languages

Russian Expansion

All blieved in “Divine Rights” theory What about the other tsars? What important events/problems did these “Divine Right” rulers have? Fought Napoleon and helped to end his control over Europe Napoleon sent to exile Alexander I Nicholas I Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II All blieved in “Divine Rights” theory ...God gave me the right to rule. My laws are “God’s Will”

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] RUSSIFICATION Russia’s lost of the Crimean War made him look bad….some liberal movements grew for change. His response? RUSSIFICATION Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] ASSASSINATED He believed the defeat in the Crimean War was b/c Russia needed to “industrialize”. Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863]. Other reforms? Because he gave reforms, was he loved by all? ASSASSINATED What was his fate?

Growth of Liberals and Radicals Nihilists – Populists – People’s Will - Intellectual “thinkers” [not doers] who believed that the only way to solve Russia’s problems was to “scrap” the existing structure completely! Teach the peasants that they need to “unionize” to take over the estates of the boyars (nobles)….that’s the only way to have a “just” society in Russia. “Doers” Radical “populists” who became “terrorists.” They led assassination attempts on government officials

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] [Pogroms] Reactionary. Slavophile. “Russification” program. Jews  forced migration to the Pale [Pogroms]

The Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Viewed them all as Terrorists Continued growth of groups that were even MORE Radicals Nihilists – Populists – People’s Will - Did the Tsar view These groups differently? Viewed them all as Terrorists Social Democratic Labor Party Lenin’s older brother was a member of this radical group He was arrested and executed for his involvement! [what affect do you think this had for his younger brother?]

Nicholas II: The Last Romanov Tsar [r. 1894-1917] Followed his father’s policy

The Tsar & His Family

Hemophilia & the Tsarevich

The Revolution of 1905 Cause? Result? Bloody Sunday Failure of the Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday Result? Nicholas II had no choice but to grant the OCTOBER MANIFESTO: he promised some liberties he okayed the establishment of the DUMA How viable was the October Manifesto? the tsar dismissed it [Duma]several times the tsar manipulated laws for elections to the Duma to benefit aristocracy [conservative boyars]

This clip from the movie “Nicholas and Alexandria” enacts the peaceful march to the Winter Palace to plead with Father Nicholas to make changes…allow rights to those working in the factories….

Began in St. Petersburg in January when troops fired on crowd of workers marching to petition Czar Nicholas II. Russia’s defeat by Japan revealed the incompetence of the czar’s regime. This “bloody Sunday” was followed by series of strikes, riots, assassinations, naval mutinies, and peasant outbreaks which the czar had to “put down” by capturing, killing or sending thousands to Siberian prison camps

….which caused the government to become RECAP Russia in 1914? Was NOT “industrialized” Had an “autocratic” government that was NOT satisfying the needs of the people many parties organized for reform – [both liberal and radical groups] Their attempt to be as “strong” and “important” as other nation-states in Europe backfired: lost Crimean War lost Russo-Japanese War Economically? Russian Imperial Flag Politically & Socially? ….which caused the government to become even more autocratic! Led to Bloody Sunday Revolution of 1905 More reform groups: Mensheviks Bolsheviks

Laptops today!! 4-8-15 Unit I Essential Questions : Can a nation with a long history of autocracy and oppressed minorities achieve the ideals of democracy? Analyze the steps that led to the creation of the U.S.S.R. by researching and creating a visual representation [flowchart].