The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

1.8: Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out - body may also be supine (lying on back) 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (in anatomical position) Right v. Left Superior (cephalic) v. Inferior (caudal) Anterior v. Posterior Medial v. Lateral Proximal v. Distal (only in the limbs!) Ipsilateral v. Contralateral Deep v. Superficial 4

Orientation and Directional Terms Superior (or cephalic)- toward the head end of the body; upper Inferior (or sometimes caudal= toward the tail) - away from the head; lower Anterior (ventral) - front (the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg) Posterior (dorsal) - back (the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).

Medial - toward the midline of the body (the middle toe is medial to the pinky toe) Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the pinky toe is located at the lateral side of the foot) Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (the proximal end of the femur joins with the hip/pelvic bone). Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).

Contralateral - on the other side (a stroke affecting the right side of the brain may cause contralateral paralysis, affecting movement on the left side of the body) Ipsilateral - on the same side Superficial: near surface of body/organ Deep: away from surface

1.6 Organization of the Human Body Body Division: The human body is divided into two portions: Axial: head, neck, and trunk Appendicular: upper and lower limbs

1.6 Body Cavities Dorsal (“back”) cranial cavity - brain vertebral canal (AKA spinal cavity) - spinal cord; surrounded by vertebrae

1.6 Body Cavities Ventral (“belly”): contains “viscera” thoracic cavity – lungs, mediastinum (contains heart, esophagus, trachea)

1.6 Body Cavities Ventral (“belly”): organs referred to as “viscera” abdominopelvic cavity – Lined with the peritoneal membranes: parietal peritoneum (outside wall), visceral peritoneum (covers organs within) abdominal – liver, stomach, spleen , gallbladder, small and large intestines pelvic – enclosed by pelvic bones; reproductive organs, rectum, bladder The kidneys are retroperitoneal…. *there are smaller cavities within the head (oral, nasal, etc.)

Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c

Body Sections (“cuts”) or Planes -Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions -Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions -Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions 16

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane A section along the median plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along a transverse plane NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along a frontal plane Frontal (coronal) plane © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer 17

Body Sections 18 (a) (b) (c) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c) a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc. 18

Abdominal Subdivisions Right lumbar region iliac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Left hypochondriac (a) Right lumbar region iliac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Left hypochondriac (a) Right lumbar region iliac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Left hypochondriac (a) Right Hypo- chondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Left iliac region Right iliac region Hypogastric region (a) (b) Regions (9) Quadrants (4) 19 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.