Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Mrs. Abbott OPHS World History

The Scientific Revolution The scientific revolution was the dawning of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. It emphasized the value of human reason Take Notes!

The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution contributed to the transformation of European society through the development of the experimental method that emphasized observation. Take Notes!

The Enlightenment Take Notes! Applied reason to the human world Stimulated religions tolerance Fueled world-wide democratic revolutions Emphasized the value of human reason Thinkers of the Enlightenment believed that society could best be improved by applying reason and the laws of nature.

The Enlightenment Fought for Political Reform Take Notes! Rousseau Voltaire Montesquieu Take Notes!

Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism of French expression. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought.

Voltaire François-Marie Arouet known as Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. He was a versatile writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken advocate, despite strict censorship laws with harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religion, and the French institutions of his day.

Montesquieu Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He was largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire.

Machiavelli An Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He was a founder of modern political science, and more specifically political ethics. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. He wrote his masterpiece, The Prince, after the Medici had recovered power and he no longer held a position of responsibility in Florence.

Machiavelli Assignment: Take Notes! “The end justifies the means.” Machiavelli believed that leaders may use any method to achieve what is best for the state…What do you think about that? Assignment: In a 1 page essay, discuss the pros and cons to “The end justifies the means.” Use examples to support your claim.