Machine Learning Intro iCAMP 2012 Max Welling UC Irvine

Machine Learning Algorithms that learn to make predictions from examples (data)

Types of Machine Learning Supervised Learning Labels are provided, there is a strong learning signal. e.g. classification, regression. Semi-supervised Learning. Only part of the data have labels. e.g. a child growing up. Reinforcement learning. The learning signal is a (scalar) reward and may come with a delay. e.g. trying to learn to play chess, a mouse in a maze. Unsupervised learning There is no direct learning signal. We are simply trying to find structure in data. e.g. clustering, dimensionality reduction.

Unsupervised Learning: Dimensionality Reduction: clustering (LLE – Roweis & Saul)

Supervised Learning Regression Classification

Collaborative Filtering (Netflix Dataset) movies (+/- 17,770) users (+/- 240,000) total of +/- 400,000,000 nonzero entries (99% sparse) 1 ? 4 ? 1 4

Generalization X* Consider the following regression problem: Predict the real value on the y-axis from the real value on the x-axis. You are given 6 examples: {Xi,Yi}. What is the y-value for a new query point X* ? X*

Generalization

Generalization

Generalization which curve is best?

Generalization Ockham’s razor: prefer the simplest hypothesis consistent with data.

Generalization Learning is concerned with accurate prediction of future data, not accurate prediction of training data. Question: Design an algorithm that is perfect at predicting training data.

Learning as Compression Imagine a game where Bob needs to send a dataset to Alice. They are allowed to meet once before they see the data. The agree on a precision level (quantization level). Bob learns a model (red line). Bob sends the model parameters (offset and slant) only once For every datapoint, Bob sends -distance along line (large number) -orthogonal distance from line (small number) (small numbers are cheaper to encode than large numbers)

Generalization learning = compression = abstraction The man who couldn’t forget …

Classification: nearest neighbor Example: Imagine you want to classify versus Data: 100 monkey images and 200 human images with labels what is what. Task: Here is a new image: monkey or human?

1 nearest neighbor Idea: Find the picture in the database which is closest your query image. Check its label. Declare the class of your query image to be the same as that of the closest picture. query closest image

kNN Decision Surface decision curve

Bayes Rule(s) Riddle: Joe goes to the doctor and tells the doctor he has a stiff neck and a rash. The doctor is worried about meningitis and performs a test that is 80% correct, that is, for 80% of the people that have meningitis it will turn out positive. If 1 in 100,000 people have meningitis in the population and 1 in 1000 people will test positive (sick or not sick) what is the probability that Joe has meningitis? Answer: Bayes Rule. P(meningitis | positive test) = P(positive test | meningitis ) P(meningitis) / P(positive test) = 0.8 * 0.00001 / 0.001 = 0.008 < 1%

Naïve Bayes Classifier X1 test result meningitis stiff-neck, rash X2 Y Naïve Bayes Classifier: P(Y|X1,X2) = P(X1|Y) P(X2|Y) P(Y) / PX1, X2) Conditional Independence: P(X1,X2|Y) = P(X1|Y) P(X2|Y)

Bayesian Networks & Graphical Models Main modeling tool for modern machine learning Reasoning over large collections of random variables with intricate relations