3-2: The Two-Party System in the U.S.

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3-2: The Two-Party System in the U.S.

Big Idea: Competing Policy-Making Interests Enduring Understanding: Political parties provide opportunities for participation and influence how people relate to government and policymakers. Learning Objective: Explain why and how political parties change and adapt.

Why We Have Two Parties Similar Political Culture Belief in freedom Belief in political equality Belief in individualism Belief in equality under the law Never a strong socialist or nationalist party Most Americans are moderates Not consistently ideological Parties have to appeal to the middle

Why We Have Two Parties Tradition Result Two parties since 1800 Generation of self- perpetuating laws Elections Debate rules Congressional procedures Very difficult for a minor party to become a force

Why We Have Two Parties Single-Member Congressional Districts Only one candidate elected on each ballot 435 districts each with its own election NOT proportional Plurality wins—most votes, not majority Often the majority does NOT get its wish Electoral College No influence unless an entire state is won

Proportional vs. Single-Member Plurality Voting Systems Assume a Hypothetical Election Democrats—38% Republicans—32% Libertarians—30% Proportional System Democrats get 38% of seats Republicans get 32% of seats Libertarians get 30% of seats Single-Member District or Electoral College Democrat wins (100%) Republican gets nothing Libertarian gets nothing

Why We Have Two Parties Winner-take-all single-member districts discourage minor parties Expensive campaigns Minimal chance of winning Ballot Access Republicans and Democrats automatically on state ballots Minor candidates must persuade registered voters to sign petitions

How Parties Change Over Time Candidate-centered campaigns weaken the power of parties. Structure of parties changed by: Critical elections Regional realignments Campaign finance law Changes in communication Changes in data-management technology

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