Additional Research Approaches Chapter 12 Additional Research Approaches Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Conducting & Reading Research Historical Approach Goal: Record and understand events of the past Problems: Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Sources of Historical Data Primary sources original documents, physical artifacts, people who were eyewitnesses Secondary sources textbooks, newspapers, abstracts, almanacs, encyclopedias, bibliographies (some of these may sometimes be primary sources) Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Evaluating Historical Data criticism Test physical and chemical properties of items to confirm age, authorship Test signature, script, handwriting, spelling, and type to confirm authenticity Check consistency in language use, time-sensitive knowledge and technology Assess meaning and content of item Assess value of data Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Oral History - Techniques Taped history should also be writted and edited by primary source Content should use researcher’s notes as must as possible Questioning must be conducted carefully (no leading questions) Interview sessions should be short Topics should be given to interviewee in advance Researcher should be well-read in topic Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Biographical Research Humanizes past Use lots of primary sources Difficulties: May or may not be testing a hypothesis Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Epidemiological Approach Descriptive: identify patterns, trends, etc. May attempt to determine causation Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Conducting & Reading Research Research designs Cohort studies ( studies) Case-control studies ( studies) Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Ten Principles of Causal Inference Strength of Association Dose-Response Relationship Independence Temporal Sequence Persistence Alterability Agreement Consistency Biologic Plausibility Experimental Confirmation Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Strength of Association Relative Risk – likelihood that a group with a risk factor will have a health characteristic in comparison to a group without risk factor Odds-ratio – Estimate of relative risk Attributable Risk – Percentage of cases in the total group that occur in the group with a risk factor. Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Single Participant Approach May include more than one “subject” Baseline measure obtained for each participant, compared to post-treatment score Do not analyze data as group, based on idea that some treatments may work only in some individuals Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al

Conducting & Reading Research Creative Activities Examples: dance, skillful performers, development of novel computer programs for various purposes, gymnastics, development of new piece of equipment or new procedure Chapter 12 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al