Modern European Thought 1871 - 1914

Charles Lyell Geology Principles of Geology

Charles Darwin English naturalist. Established that all species of life have descended over time from a common ancestry Evolution through natural selection The Voyage of the Beagle On the Origin of Species

Auguste Comte French philosopher – Father of Sociology Positivism (scientific method is the best approach to discover processes by which both physical and human events occur) A General View of Positivism

Herbert Spencer “survival of the fittest” Social Darwinism Evolutionary ethics

Theodor Herzl Father of modern Zionism Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State)

Pope Pius IX Longest reigning pope in history (32 years) Convened First Vatican Council (Vatican 1) Syllabus of Errors – warned all Catholics against everything that spoke of liberalism (ostrich approach to modern science)

Leo XIII succeeded Pius IX Asserted that science and religion could co-exist Moved the church back in the mainstream of European life Rerum Novarum – supported rights of labor to form unions, rejected communism & unrestricted capitalism which affirming right to private property

Gregor Mendel Genetics Experiments on Plant Hybridization

Sir James Fraser Social Anthropology studied mythology and comparative religion The Golden Bough

Louis Pasteur Conducted experiments that supported the germ theory of diseases Discovered that heat could destroy many harmful bacteria

Marie Curie physicist and chemist famous for work in radioactivity 1st female professor at University of Paris Only person to win a Nobel prize in two different sciences (physics, chemistry)

Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist Classical conditioning Behavioral modification Salivating dogs

Max Planck Founder of the Quantum Theory won Nobel prize in Physics

Albert Einstein Physicist; theory of relativity Escaped Nazi Germany in 1933 Nobel prize – Physics Recommended the atomic bomb to FDR

Lord Ernest Rutherford Father of nuclear physics Nobel prize – Chemistry "The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine." – 1933

Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Dream interpretation Id, Ego, Superego Free Association Psychosexual development Interpretation of Dreams Left Austria after the Anschluss for London

Friedrich Nietzsche “God is dead” Übermensch “will to power” – more important than pressure for adaptation or survival Thus Spoke Zarathustra The Gay Science

Heinrich Schliemann Archeologist Excavator of Troy

Pablo Picasso Spanish artist Cubism

Emile Zola French writer most responsible for the liberation of falsely accused & convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus J’Accuse

Virginia Woolf English writer, member of Bloomsbury Group (London intellectual writers and artists in early 20th century) Wrote in “stream of consciousness” Mrs. Dalloway To the Lighthouse A Room of One’s Own

Carl Jung Swiss psychiatrist, founder of analytical psychology (psychoanalysis) Said that dreams are the fulfillment of suppressed wishes

Max Weber German sociologist & political economist who influenced field of Sociology The Protestant Ethic & the Spirit of Capitalism

George Bernard Shaw Irish playwright and co-founder of London School of Economics Wrote about abuses of the working class Won Nobel Prize for literature and an Oscar Pygmalion (later remade as “My Fair Lady”)

Ellen Key Swedish feminist writer on family life, ethics, and education Believed in a child-centered approach to education The Century of the Child

T.H. Huxley English biologist Known as “Darwin’s bulldog” for his staunch defense of evolution theory agnostic

Count Arthur de Gobineau French aristocrat who developed Aryan theory of “master race” Said Western Civilization’s troubles came from degeneration of Aryan race