Ch. 25-Texas after World War II- Lessons

Lesson 1-Civil Rights and Equal Rights African Americans Challenge Segregation 1944: In Smith v. Allwright, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that African Americans had to be allowed to vote in the Democratic primary.

1950: The U. S. Supreme Court ruled that Heman M 1950: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Heman M. Sweatt had been denied admission to the University of Texas on the basis of race. 1954: The U.S. Supreme Court declared that separate schools were not equal. 1955: The U.S. Supreme Court said that school systems had to begin integration immediately.

1961: The Freedom Rides took place. 1964: The Civil Rights Act was passed. It banned discrimination based on race, sex, religion, and national origin. 1965: The Voting Rights Act made literacy tests illegal.

Mexican Americans Seek Fair Treatment League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) - emphasized rights and duties of being U.S. citizens - encouraged Mexican Americans to honor their Mexican heritage - encouraged Mexican Americans to stay informed about national issues - encouraged Mexican Americans to vote - filed lawsuits to desegregate schools and public facilities

American G.I. Forum of Texas - worked on court cases concerning discrimination and unfair treatment - involved in the registration of Mexican American voters - worked on behalf of migrant workers

Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) - pushed for more Mexican American teachers and Mexican American studies - led walkouts in high schools to protest the poor quality of education - formed a new political party called La Raza Unida Party (RUP)

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) - worked to increase Mexican American voter registration - brought lawsuits to end discrimination, especially against women - encouraged Mexican Americans to become leaders in their communities

Women Seek Equal Rights Main Idea: Women worked for equal rights in the years following World War II. Supporting Detail: Women won the right to serve on juries in Texas in 1954.

Supporting Detail: Texas chapters of the National Organization for Women (NOW) worked for equal work and educational opportunities. Supporting Detail: The Texas Equal Rights Amendment granted women equal legal rights.

Supporting Detail: The National Women’s Conference was held in Houston in 1977. It developed a national plan to increase opportunities for all American women.

Lesson 2 – Politics and Growing Conservation The Cold War Cause: Soldiers from North Korea invaded South Korea in an effort to spread communism Effect: U.S. troops were sent to South Korea to prevent the spread of communism.

Cause: Communists took over the governments of several Eastern European countries and China Effect: Americans became fearful that communists would gain power over the United States.

Cause: Some Americans feared that Communists were gaining power in the United States Effect: Senator Joseph McCarthy held televised hearings to question suspected Communists in the U.S. Army. Cause: Labor unions were accused of having Communist ties Effect: Many Texans opposed labor unions.

Changes in Party Politics 1. This position caused a divide in the party. It was a victory for liberal Democrats, but conservative Democrats did not agree with the position.

2. Both Texas and the federal government claimed to control the tidelands, which had the potential to produce billions of dollars of oil and gas. Republican presidential candidate Dwight Eisenhower promised that if elected president, he would sign the bill giving Texas control of the tidelands.

3. He helped create the Legislative Council that studied issues, reviewed existing laws for possible changes, and recommended new laws. He established the Legislative Budget Board to make recommendations on how much money government agencies should receive, and state spending on health care and highways increased. He also pushed the legislature to allow women to serve on juries.

4. For most of Texas history, voting districts had been based on land area, not population. As a result, each person’s vote in a rural area seemed to count more than each person’s vote in the city. As part of the redistricting plan, each voting district had to have about the same population so that every vote would be of equal value.

The Johnson Presidency 1. False; In the 1950s, Lyndon B. Johnson served as the majority leader of the Senate. 2. True 3. True

4. False; The law signed by Johnson that provided funds for textbooks, library materials, and special education was called the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. 5. True

6. False; Conservative Republicans and some Democrats who opposed big government criticized Johnson’s policies. 7. True 8. True

Conservative State Politics in the 1970s 1. The election of Tower was a sign that the Texas Republican Party was slowly growing in power. Tower was the first Republican U.S. Senator from Texas since Reconstruction.

2. The legislature began holding open meetings and making records available to the public. It also passed the Texas Sunset Act. This law set up a commission to review most state agencies every 12 years to determine whether they should continue to receive funds or be abolished.

Lesson 3-Social and Economic Changes Growth and Changes Problem: Varying road conditions across the country Solution: Interstate highway system

Problem: Overcrowding in cities Solution: Growth of suburbs Problem: Severe water shortage Solution: Steps to ensure future water supplies, such as building new reservoirs and dams

Agricultural Productivity Increases 1. Because small, family-owned farms and ranches could not afford the machines and new farming methods that were increasingly prof table, they were forced out of business. Large, commercial operations replaced the small family farms.

2. One factor was new technologies such as farm machinery and irrigation. Better fertilizers and insecticides also helped. Another factor was that agriculture in Texas became more productive when cotton farming moved into the western part of the state.

3. Ranchers began to group the means of production by raising cattle where grain was grown. This decreased the cost of shipping feed to the animals. Farmers began to raise thousands of chickens and turkeys in large poultry houses to meet the growing national demand.

Texas and the World Oil Market 1. True 2. False; The United States was not part of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). 3. True

4. True 5. False; The embargo caused a severe energy crisis in the United States, as the price of oil increased dramatically. 6. True

7. False; Many oil workers bought homes near their workplace, resulting in a real estate boom. 8. True

Advances in Science and Technology 1. Neil Armstrong was the first human to walk on the moon in 1969. 2. Edward H. White was the first American astronaut to perform a spacewalk.

3. Shannon Walker flew on several space shuttle missions and served aboard the International Space Station. 4. Jack Kilby invented the integrated silicon circuit, which is the “chip” that runs modern computers.

5. Dr. Michael DeBakey and Dr 5. Dr. Michael DeBakey and Dr. Denton Cooley pioneered methods for performing open- heart surgery. 6. Dr. Benjy Frances Brooks became the first woman to work in Texas as a pediatric surgeon.

Environmental Concerns Increases in agricultural production and industry led to new problems. Supporting Detail: Animal waste polluted the air, soil, and water.

Supporting Detail: Fertilizers and insecticides seeped into the soil. Supporting Detail: Mills and factories created pollution. Supporting Detail: The Texas legislature passed antipollution laws to reduce and eliminate these problems.