Quiz Preparations and Review New France Quiz Preparations and Review

When and Where? In the early 1500s, European countries (specifically France) began sending explorers to the “New World” They were looking for a route to the Far East (Asia) to find silks and metals- Jacques Cartier They discovered the St. Lawrence area of Canada and began setting up colonies there because of the fertile lands and the fur trade (coureurs de bois- runners of the woods)

Jacques Cartier Early European explorer who claimed “Canada” for France

Challenges of New France Europeans did not know about our cold winters They did not know if their crops would grow They did not know how to hunt or protect themselves against wildlife The did not know if the people already living there would accept them or try to get rid of them (First Nations peoples)

The Early Years The trip over on was difficult and many got sick Those that came were mostly poor people in search of a better life They either farmed or entered the fur trade (coureurs de bois) The populations grew slowly at first due to the tough life style and lack of women

Coureurs de Bois Runners of the woods Started the fur trade (originally without permission)

Growing Jean Talon created les filles du roi, which gave women reasons to go to New France, in the 1600s King Louis XIV started encouraging people to go over in the 1700s

Louis XIV King of France from 1643-1715 His policies helped France become an important player in establishing the New World

Jean Talon The First intendant of France Handled the day-to-day work of government

Habitants Farmers were called habitants and had a difficult life at first They had to clear the land, till the soil and build shelter before their first winter They grew wheat, corn, oats, barley, and tobacco and raised livestock The women and children cooked made clothing and furniture

Seigneural system The King of France originally owned the land of New France Farms were set up in seigneuries, which were long, thin strips of land with access to water Once the farms were set up, the men would often leave to enter the military or fur trade to earn extra money Egages (hired hands) and the women and children ran the farms

Seigneuries

Religion Religious areas were called parishes The church owned 2/3s of the land in New France The church was the centre of social life, and hosted many festivals, and funded schools and hospitals The church also wanted to convert the Aboriginal peoples to their Roman Catholic lifestyle

Francois de Laval The Bishop of Quebec, and head of the Roman Catholic church

Church on Seigneurial Land

Towns People that were not farmers moved to the towns of Montreal and Quebec which became busy trading centres Lumber was an important industry, so many sawmills were created to help the shipbuilding industry (build ships for the French Navy) Iron-ore was also an important resource

Quebec City One of few walled cities in North America Why?

Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain often came back and forth between France and New France- an important builder He created many maps of New France, founded Quebec City, and helped shape European-Aboriginal relations He formed an alliance with the Huron peoples because he thought they could teach the Europeans important skills to survive in their new climate (hunting, fishing, canoeing) When the Hurons fought the Iroquois, the French helped them and Champlain killed two Iroquois Chiefs The Iroquois people then sided with the British on any issues between France and England

Samuel de Champlain

French-Aboriginal Relations Champlain encouraged intermarriage between French men and Aboriginal women to increase the population (metis) and increase friendly relations The French saw themselves as missionaries- they wanted to convert the Aboriginals to Christianity- to “save” them

1649 The Iroquois attacked the French/Huron alliance The settlement Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons was destroyed and many people lost their lives in the battle Quebec and Montreal were also attacked King Louis XIV sent 1300 troops to defend the colony and they attacked many Iroquois villages -In 1667, the Iroquois signed a peace treaty ending the fighting

Disease The Europeans brought across many diseases that the native peoples were not immune to and many died Smallpox

The Acadians In the 1600s, many French colonists came to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and P.E.I. to farm and fish The Roman Catholic Church was very powerful here The area was attacked several times by the French and the British as they both wanted the land Ownership switched hands many times until the British captured it in 1670

The Treaty of Utrecht In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed giving Britain control of Acadia and Newfoundland Acadia’s name was changed to Nova Scotia The Acadians were allowed to keep their language and religion but had to swear allegiance to Britain (although they refused to fight for them)

The French vs. The English By the 1600s, France and England were the two major powers fighting for land in the New World They were mainly fighting over the fur trade During this time, the population of New France increased from 3000 to 70 000 due to growth and soldiers

Radisson and Groseilliers French explorers who were opening up the interior of North America (moving west) They had a fight with France and in 1670 the appealed to the British for money They created the Hudson’s Bay Company

Hudson Bay

The Fur Trade Through the 1600s, France was still the leader of the fur trade and continued to move west and south conquering territory To protect their land, the French built Louisbourg (where Nova Scotia is today), a fortress to protect access to the St. Lawrence River In 1745, the English attacked Louisbourg

Louisbourg

The Seven Years War In 1749, the British gave some land to some Americans in an territory that France had already claimed France wanted to protect their land (and fur trade) so they build a series of forts in the area The British didn’t like this and attacked Fort Duquesne (led by George Washington) France fought back and beat the British army, but both countries sent more troops to the area in preparation for a larger war

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham The French started off ahead by using surprise attacks (guerrilla warfare) but the British took the lead when they captured Fort Louisbourg in 1758 and took control of the St. Lawrence River (France could not send anymore troops) The British won an important battle at the Plains of Abraham and a year later the French surrendered

Wolfe and Montcalm

After the War France was worried that New France would become too much like England, so many important leaders left French influence shrunk as the British took control of industry, commerce, and the fur trade 1763- the Treaty of Paris was signed (by France, Britain, and Spain) ending the Seven Years War- Quebec was turned over to the British

The Articles of Capitulation The French governor gave the British a list of demands to protect the citizens of Quebec Number 25- the Roman Catholic religion must be allowed to continue (British were Protestants) Number 28- Roman Catholic officials must be allowed to do their duties as before