Chapter 16 Cold War

Roots of the Cold War United States vs. Soviet Union Capitalism/Democracy vs. Communism Disagree on future of Eastern Europe Occupied by Soviet troops U.S. favors free elections USSR favors establishment of satellite nations

Meeting the Soviet Challenge Europe divided by Iron Curtain Free/democratic/capitalistic West Soviet-controlled/communist East Containment – Keep communism in its present borders, don’t let it spread Truman Doctrine – U.S. will help free nations stay free Marshall Plan – U.S. gives $ to help European nations rebuild

Cold War Heats Up U.S., British, French zones merge into West Germany/West Berlin Soviet zone becomes East Germany/East Berlin Berlin Airlift West Berlin is an island of democracy in a sea of communism in East Germany USSR cuts off access to West Berlin, hoping it would fall U.S. and British drop supplies into West Berlin Shows that U.S. and allies will not give in to USSR NATO founded – U.S. and Western European allies Warsaw Pact created – USSR and satellite nations

Arms Race Soviets develop atomic bomb U.S. develops hydrogen bomb U.S. and USSR build up nuclear arsenals MAD prevents either side from using nukes against each other President Eisenhower favored massive retaliation Built up stockpiles of nukes, subs, bombers, ICBMS Brinkmanship used to thwart communist/Soviet aggression

Global Cold War Riots against Soviet rule in Poland and Hungary Soviet army crushes Hungarian revolt – 1956 Suez Crisis Egypt take control of Suez Canal, threatening flow of oil to Europe GB, France, Israel planned to attack Egypt to gain control of canal U.S. does not support its allies, they withdraw Eisenhower Doctrine U.S. will help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism CIA puts anti-communist leaders in power (Iran) Space Race – Competition in space Soviets have early lead 1st satellite (Sputnik) 1st dog - 1957 Shocked U.S. responds, focuses on math/science, NASA created

China Communist forces led by Mao Zedong Supported by ________ Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists win control of China, China becomes communist, Nationalists flee to Taiwan

Korea Divided at 38th parallel after WWII USSR supports communist North Korea US supports noncommunist South Korea North Korea invades South Korea, US and UN help South Korea - 1950 War ends as stalemate (1953), Korea divided at 38th parallel

Effects of Korean War Dwight D. Eisenhower wins 1952 election, promising to end the war North Korea still communist, South Korea still US ally US military spending increases, troops stationed around world US supported alliance (SEATO) established in SE Asia to prevent spread of Communism

Red Scare Fear of communism and communist subversion Belief that some Americans and high-ranking govt./military officials were working for the USSR or Soviet spies Some truth to this belief HUAC investigates subversive activities “Guilty until proven innocent” Many lose jobs or blacklisted – Hollywood Ten

Red Scare cont. Freedom of Speech threatened Alger Hiss Govt. official accused and convicted of being a Soviet spy Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Convicted for being Soviet spies, executed Controversial trial Hiss and Rosenberg trials add fuel to belief that Soviets/Communists were infiltrating govt./society

McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy claims to have a list of state dept. officials who were communists McCarthyism – Baseless accusations, extreme and reckless charges Popularity increases During televised Army hearings, McCarthy seen as bully and fraud  loses influence