Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Cognitive Learning Theories Information Processing Theory Schema Theory 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Cognitive Learning Theories Information Processing Looks at learning as a process in which information is registered, perceived, and possibly placed into short-term memory (into our consciousness) where it can be encoded and manipulated (as symbols). Finally, some information will be stored in long-term memory where it stays until recalled back into working short-term memory. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Cognitive Learning Theories Symbol Manipulation Asserts that we think by mentally assigning and manipulating symbols that represent the things we perceive in the real world. Symbols are our mind's thinking tools. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Knowledge Construction Cognitive Learning Theories Knowledge Construction We each reconstruct knowledge based on our existing schema as well as a variety of other factors. It is not likely that there will be an absolute, objective correlation between what we receive and what we encode into long-term memory. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Sensory Register LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION This is the part of the memory that receives all the information a person senses - taste, touch, sight, sound, smell. It holds all sensory stimuli encountered by an individual for a very brief time period. It can hold an enormous amount, more than we can ever perceive. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Sensory Register LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION This memory is very short (less than 1/2 second for vision; about 3 seconds for hearing). We ignore a lot of sensory input and send some to short-term memory. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Short-term Memory / Working Memory Information Processing Model Short-term Memory / Working Memory LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION This memory is the part of memory where new information is held temporarily until it is either lost or placed into long-term memory. Information in this memory initially lasts around 15 to 20 seconds. Capacity of this memory is limited to about 7 slots/units. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Rehearsal LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION Rehearsal is the work one needs to understand and store information. One can begin to work on, or rehearse on the information in short-term memory to make it available for up to 20 minutes. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Encoding LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION When the information is encoded in a meaningful form, it gets stored permanently. If related to previous knowledge, encoding works in an effective manner. This often leads to ‘learning’. It may also include recoding the existing information in a new way. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Encoding LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION Encoded information is easier to be recalled whenever required. Strategies for assisting encoding include chunking, rehearsal, imagery, mnemonics, schema activation, and level of processing. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Retrieval LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION Retrieval is the process of finding and bringing information from long-term memory. Memory cues or reminders can help us to retrieve required information. The retrieved information, many a times, is also used for problem-solving by the brain. Frequent review keeps memories from fading over time. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Long-term Memory LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION Brain has assigns sense and meaning to the information. Thus it moves into the long term memory. Long-term Memory files and stores unlimited amounts of information in clusters or schemas. Information linked with the existing schema is easier to retrieve. Carefully organized and labeled clusters are easier to retrieve. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Long-term Memory LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION There are two type of Long Term Memory: declarative knowledge, which deals with factual knowledge, and procedural knowledge, which deals with knowing how to perform an activity. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model Meta-cognition LONG TERM MEMORY WORKING Forgotten (Perhaps recoverable) Decay (lost) attention perception rehearsal encoding retrieval Stimuli from the environment Response SENSORY REGISTER METACOGNITION Meta-cognition is knowledge of knowing. Human being, after attaining maturity, starts thinking about his/her own thinking process, way of processing and retrieving information. 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU Information Processing Model More readings… http://studytips.aac.ohiou.edu/?Function=memory&Type=infoProcess http://www.usq.edu.au/studentservices/counselling/issues/memory/process.htm http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pro_dev/teaching_online/how_we_learn/information.html 1/16/2019 Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU