CHAPTER 22 OVEVIEW NOTES
NEW TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY: Steel (an alloy of iron and carbon) Chemicals: aspirin, perfumes, soaps, fertilizers; and dynamite, invented by Alfred Nobel, who, because of his guilt for how his invention became to be used, established world peace prizes for worthy recipients Electricity Interchangeable parts Assembly line
CITY LIFE: Population explosion Germ theory > antiseptics, immunizations, pasteurization, sterilization, hospitals: EXAMPLES: Joseph Lister who introduced antiseptics; Louis Pasteur, a microbiologist, who invented a method for killing bacteria in milk; Florence Nightingale who began the first nursing school in Britain after witnessing first hand the unsanitary methods used on war veterans of the Crimean War
Urban renewal > sidewalks, sewers, skyscrapers, entertainment centers Slums & Tenements Mutual Aid societies > Labor Unions Capitalists corporations >led to monopolies > led to government regulation Improved standard of living
NEW COMMUNICATION: Telegraph Telephone Radio
NEW TRANSPORTATION: Steamships Railroads Automobiles Airplanes
NEW ATTITUDES AND VALUES: Suburban middle-class dominance Cult of domesticity > idealization that “a woman’s place is in the home” Women’s suffrage > 1920 right to vote realized in 19th Amendment to U.S. Constitution Temperance movement to ban use of alcohol Public education > universities and colleges
Social Darwinism > idea introduced by Charles Darwin who claimed “survival of the fittest” > led to racism Social gospel > Christian social service
NEW CULTURAL IDEOLOGIES: Romanticism – literary & artistic movement to glorify nature; sought to excite strong emotions
Realism – movement that focused on the harsh side of life in cities and villages, encouraging improvement
Impressionism – movement to achieve a fresh view of familiar objects, including the art of photography