the Indian subcontinent Since 1947: The Legacy of Independence

Main Ideas Nehru was India’s Prime Minister from independence until 1964 Jinnah was the first leader of Pakistan, but died in 1948 just a little more than a year after independence India – Pakistan tensions since independence – border never resolved – territory of Kashmir in dispute 2 countries became 3 – Bangladesh separated from Pakistan

Main Ideas Lack of stability – especially in Pakistan and Bangladesh – since the countries are still young History full of assassinations and coups (short for coup d'état – overthrow of the government, usually by force with support of the military)

Border problems

Independent India New Constitution gave every citizen the right to vote. The Indian Constitution declared “Untouchability” illegal. Who might this create a problem for? Why? Many Indians could not read or write so their government used symbols on ballots.

Jawaharlal Nehru Ally of Gandhi and the first Prime Minister of India - 1947-1964. Created a casteless India. Aided millions of Hindu refugees. Advocated Industrialization. Promoted “Green Revolution”. Mixed Economy. Nonalignment Movement – leader of non-aligned nations not taking sides during the Cold War. India did have disputes with Pakistan and China during his time of leadership. Nehru met Gandhi in 1916 at the annual Indian National Congress convention. He participated in the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign and spent time in jail along with Gandhi. At independence, Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister and was continually reelected until his death in 1964. Nehru pushed modernization of the country, and industrialization of its economy.

Non-Alignment Movement

Non-Alignment Movement During the Cold War, as the countries around the world were aligning themselves with the Communist or non-Communist nations, India became a proponent of staying neutral, or non-aligned.

India’s “mixed economy” The “mix” refers to private and public ownership. India limited foreign investments for fear other countries would have to much control in India. Urban areas have high-tech companies. Three quarters of the population are farmers living in small villages. India's "Green Revolution" allowed farmers to triple their crop by using modern science and technology. India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business. India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals. The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.

India’s “Green Revolution” Introducing higher- yielding varieties of seeds in 1965. Increased use of fertilizers & irrigation. GOAL  make India self-sufficient in food grains. Norman Borlaug – American scientist who helped bring higher yielding crops to India India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business. India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals. The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.

Pakistan – the early years Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (known as Quaid-i-Azam or Great Leader) until his death from tuberculosis September 11, 1948. Jinnah only told his inner circle how ill he was. Do you think a leader should reveal such an illness in this situation? Khan stressed modernization. His following in West Pakistan held liberal views of Islamic law, leading to dissent within W. Pakistan, and especially in East Pakistan. After Khan left office in 1969, East Pakistan refused to pay taxes to West Pakistan. West Pakistan sent in troops, sparking civil war. Thousands killed, millions escaped to India. India entered the war, helped Bangladesh declare its independence in 1972.

Pakistan – the early years Reasons he did not reveal the illness- Afraid the British would not agree to the separation of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan – indeed Lord Mountbatten, the last British Viceroy, later said he would have held off on agreeing to the creation of Pakistan until Jinnah was gone had he know how ill Jinnah was. Did not want his people to panic. Khan stressed modernization. His following in West Pakistan held liberal views of Islamic law, leading to dissent within W. Pakistan, and especially in East Pakistan. After Khan left office in 1969, East Pakistan refused to pay taxes to West Pakistan. West Pakistan sent in troops, sparking civil war. Thousands killed, millions escaped to India. India entered the war, helped Bangladesh declare its independence in 1972.

Pakistan – the early years Nation struggled in early years without Jinnah. Jinnah’s second in command, Liaquat Ali Khan, assassinated three years later. Through the years, Pakistan has had a mix of elected leaders and those who seized power by using the military. Tension over the role of Islam – Islamic fundamentalism vs. more secular nation (separation of religion from government) Khan stressed modernization. His following in West Pakistan held liberal views of Islamic law, leading to dissent within W. Pakistan, and especially in East Pakistan. After Khan left office in 1969, East Pakistan refused to pay taxes to West Pakistan. West Pakistan sent in troops, sparking civil war. Thousands killed, millions escaped to India. India entered the war, helped Bangladesh declare its independence in 1972.

East and West Pakistan: what do you think went wrong? Make a theory (or theories) about why this situation didn’t work out and explain.

Pakistan and Bangladesh War that involved India helped East Pakistan split apart. East separated in 1972 and became Bangladesh. What was previously West Pakistan is what we know today as Pakistan.

Bangladesh -political history has been filled with coups and assassinations -Awami League remains one of the major political parties -floods and famines are common -a considerably poor country throughout most of its history, with jute as its main crop -economy has been improving rapidly in the 21st century and has become more diverse

India After Nehru

Indira Gandhi Nehru’s daughter. Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984, with brief periods of being voted out of office. Continues Nehru’s policies. Faced corruption charges & internal rebellion. Assassinated in 1984. Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma. Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father. In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated. Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state. The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back. The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary. Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged. In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.

India’s persecution of the Sikhs Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma. Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father. In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated. Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state. The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back. The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary. Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged. In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.

Sikhs Sikh separatists wanted to break away from the country. Sikhs felt Hindu government did not give them a fair amount of resources. Indira Gandhi was assassinated by Sikh bodyguards who turned on her.

Rajiv Gandhi Indira’s son. Prime Minister of India, 1984-1989. Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning to get back into office. . General elections in November 1989 brought the defeat of Rajiv Gandhi. Officials in his government were accused of taking kickbacks from the Bofors Company of Sweden in a purchase of guns for the army. Vishwanath Pratap Singh, leader of the Janata Dal party, was sworn in as prime minister on Dec. 2, 1989. In March 1990 India withdrew the last of its 50,000 troops from Sri Lanka. The peacekeeping force failed in its three-year effort to reconcile the Tamils with the majority Sinhalese. Campaigning to return to office, Gandhi was killed by a bomb blast on May 21, 1991.

Manmohan Singh May 2004  he held up a letter from India's president authorizing him to form a new government as prime minister. He stood next to Sonia Gandhi, the candidate for the post who stunned the country when she declined the office.

May 2004 Swearing in of Prime Minister Singh, the first Sikh in the job. He served for ten years.

India v. Pakistan: dangerous rivals

1971 India-Pakistan War

2. nuclear rivalry

The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats up in the late 1990s – both sides are nuclear powers

Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn Indian Flag to Protest Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998

Hot Air Balloon Protesting India & Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998

2002 Nuclear Statistics

India Displays Nuclear Missiles During “Republic Day,” - 2002

What title would you give this political cartoon?

Is this a possibility?

Is the dream gone?

1. Jammu & Kashmir

Kashmir State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually just referred to as Kashmir. Area has been disputed since independence. There was no clear decision made on which villages were on which side of the border. One of the most violent places in the world over the last fifty years.

Kashmir Crisis

Indian Soldiers Near the Pakistani Border - 2001

At the Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Check Post in Wagha, India - 2001 A Pakistani Ranger At the Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Check Post in Wagha, India - 2001

Anti-war Protestors in Karachi, Pakistan - 2001

Kashmiri Militants - 2003

Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today Economic development. Political instability/military dictatorship. Hindu-Muslim tensions. Terrorism. The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons. The population of India is just over 1 billion people. It is believed that India’s population will surpass that of China by 2020. No success with family planning, birth control/abortion. Necessity of large families in agrarian subsistence lifestyle. India's economy is uneven at best: many Indians lead a subsistence lifestyle, while a sizeable middle class and a small upper class live in the cities. The situation in Kashmir is quite dangerous. Ongoing hostilities continue, and both sides continue a low-level crossfire across the border of this divided region. Three wars have been fought over Kashmir: 1948, 1965, and 1971. The 1972 partition did not settle the issue. Because both sides, India and Pakistan, have nuclear weapons, some fear that the potential for large-scale war could lead to the use of these nuclear weapons. In the summer of 2002, India and Pakistan came within a hair’s breadth of war.

Benazir Bhutto First Woman Prime Minister, 1988 Ousted in 1990, returned, then ousted again in 1993 on corruption charges. Left the country for a time, returned in 2007 with support to regain power, but was assassinated by opponents.

Benazir Bhutto Famous family Father, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, had been prime minister earlier Husband, Asif Ali Zardari, was president for five years after her assassination

Nawaz Sharif Current Prime Minister Serving his third term in that position Had previously been overthrown, accused of wrongdoing, and out of the country in exile.

terrorism

Gen. Pervez Musharraf Coup d’etat. Secular government against Islamic fundamentalists. U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”

Partners in the “War on Terror?”

Musharraf ousted Lost support of many people for working with the U.S. in its war on terror in neighboring Afghanistan. Resigned in 2008, living in London, planned to return for next election in 2013 but was ruled ineligible. Recent president – Asif Ali Zardari (who was married to Benazir Bhutto). Key leader – Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

U.S. / Pakistan Relations Strained 2011 – U.S. forces kill Osama bin Laden in Pakistan

The Taliban Strict Islamic fundamentalist group Gained control of Afghanistan’s government in 1996 Instituted Sharia (or Islamic) law Ousted from power in Afghanistan in 2001 by US forces who attacked the country because al-Qaeda bases were there Although out of power, group continued to attack US troops

The Taliban Spilled over border into Pakistan, gained control over local areas there in recent years Pakistan’s military has fought with them – currently peace talks are planned, but they have been attempted before and not agreements have not lasted long

Malala Yousafzai Pakistani teenager who movement to raise issue of the lack of and restrictions on education for girls in her nation Outspoken critic of Taliban Shot in the head by a Taliban member October 2012 at age 15 Miraculous recovery, has become international symbol for human rights and basic freedoms Has spoken at UN, visited White House, won numerous awards and written autobiography

Mumbai attacks The 2000s were a relatively calm period in India-Pakistan relations until the Mumbai attacks of 2008. Twelve attacks occurred in coordination with one another, killing 257 people. Carried out by terrorist organization believed to have ties to Pakistan’s govt. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RAVcIjegj4

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers or LTTE) Organization responsible for assassination of Rajiv Gandhi Tamils are an ethnic group in southern India and Sri Lanka who have long felt overlooked and oppressed in both nations, especially in Sri Lanka Also assassinated president of Sri Lanka in 1993 Still active organization, Sri Lanka very split and unsettled