Medieval Kashmir (1339-1586): A Synoptic View of Sources Prof. MANZOOR AHMAD BHAT M.Ed., N.E.T., Ph .D 1/16/2019

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION A----EXTINCT B----EXTANT C----ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES 1/16/2019

A----EXTINCT SOURCES ----REIGN OF Z.A. (1420-70) ----CHRONICLES IN SANSKRIT, PERSIAN AND KASHMIRI (I) JAINA CARITA ----NOTTHOSOMA PANDIT (ON LIFE AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF Z.A.) (2) MULLA AHMAD & MULLA NADIRI ‘S ACCOUNT (3) TARIKH-I QADI HAMID & MUNTAKHABUT TAWARIKH BY HASAN BEIG 1/16/2019

B----ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES ----VERY SCANTY ----COINS (NAMES AND TITLES OF SULTANS) ----PALACES, MASAJID, KHANQAHS ----TOMB OF MADIN SAHIB AND MAZAR-I SALAATIN -----JAMIA MASJID, KHANQAH-I MU’ALLA ----FEW INSCRIPTIONS 1/16/2019

C---EXTANT SOURCES CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING:- (I) WEST ASIAN SOURCES (II) CONTEMPORARY SANSKRIT SOURCES (III) PERSIAN SOURCES (IV) KASHMIRI LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE (VI) EUROPEAN ACCOUNTS 1/16/2019

(I) WEST ASIAN SOURCES 1…..MAS’UDI, MURUJ AL-DHAHAB 2….BALAZURI, FUTUH AL-BULDAN 3….MUQADDASI, KITAB AHSAN AL-TAQASIM FI MA’RIFAT AL- AQALIM 4….IDRISI, NUZHAT AL-MUSHTAQ FI KHITRAT AL-AFAQ 5….ABU HAMID KUFI, CHACH NAMA 6….SHAHARYAR BIN BUZURUG, ‘AJAIB AL-HIND 7….DIMASHQI, NUKHBAT AL-DAHR FI ‘AJAIB AL-BAR WA AL-BAHAR 1/16/2019

(II) CONTEMPORARY SANSKRIT SOURCES (I) RAJATARANGNI BY KALHANA ( EARLIEST TIMES UPTO 1149-50) ( 2) RAJATARANGNI BY JONARAJA (1389-1459) ( 3) JAINA R.T BY SRIVARA (1459-86) (4) RAJAVALIPATAKA BY PRAJYA BHATTA (1486-1512) (5) R.T BY SUKA PANDITA (1517-96) (6) LOKAPRAKASA BY KSEMENDRA (D.1066) 1/16/2019

(III) PERSIAN SOURCES) (A) CONTEMPORARY PERSIAN WORKS (B) LATER PERSIAN WORKS THE CONTEMPORARY PERSIAN WORKS CAN BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO: 1. KASHMIR CHRONICLES 2. GENERAL HISTORIES OF INDIA 3. MUGHAL HISTORIES 1/16/2019

----BAHARISTAN-I SHAH-I BY TAHIR (Rinchin-1640) 4. CENTRAL ASIAN HISTORIES 5. HISTORIES OF DELHI SULTANATE 1. KASHMIR CHRONICLES:- ----T.K. BY SAYYID ‘ALI - ( up to 1579) ----T.K . BY ANONYMOUS AUTHOR(1590) ----BAHARISTAN-I SHAH-I BY TAHIR (Rinchin-1640) 1/16/2019

----T.K. BY HASAN BIN ‘ALI (UPTO 1616) ----T.K. BY HAIDAR MALIK ( upto 1621) ( 2) GENERAL HISTORIES OF INDIA ----MUNTAKHABUT TAWARIKH BY M.A.Q. BADAYUNI. ----HAFT IQLIM BY AMIN AHMAD RAZI (GEOG. ENCY. COMPLETED IN 1594) 1/16/2019

----MA’SIR-I RAHIM-I BY ABDU’L BAQI (1616) ----TARIKH-I FIRISHTA ---- TABAQAT-I AKBAR-I BY NIZAMU’D DIN (EARLIEST UPTO 1586) ----MA’SIR-I RAHIM-I BY ABDU’L BAQI (1616) ----TARIKH-I FIRISHTA ---- BY M.QASIM ---- MAJALISU’L SALATIN BY M.SHARIF AL-NAJAFI - (1629) 1/16/2019

(3) MUGHAL HISTORIES OF INDIA ---- AKBAR NAMA AND A’IN-I AKBAR-I BY ABU’L FADAL ---- TUZUK-I JAHANGIR-I ---- MA’ASIRU’L UMARA BY SHAMSAMU’D DAULA 1/16/2019

(4) CENTRAL ASIAN HISTORIES ---- KITABU’L HIND BY ABU REHAN AL- BIRUNI (WROTE ABOUT 125 YRS BEFORE KALHANA) ---- TARIKH HIND WA SINDH BY RASHID- UD DIN FADLULLAH (Chap.VI) ---- MALFUZAT-I TIMUR-I ---- ZAFARNAMA BY SHARAFU’D-DIN ‘ALI YAZDI - ( Sikandar and Timur relations) ---- TARIKH-I RASHID-I BY M. HAIDAR DUGHLAT - (1541-51) 1/16/2019

(5) HISTORIES OF DELHI SULTANATE ---- VERSES OF TWO PERSIAN POETS; ZIAUD DIN AL-HARAWI & SHARAF AL- ZAMAN ( both quoted by AUFI in his LUBAB AL –ALBAB) ---- TARIKH-I MUBARAK SHAH-I BY YAHYA BIN AHMAD SIRHINDI ---- BASATIN AL-UNS BY IKHTASAN 1/16/2019

(B) LATER PERSIAN WORKS 1. T.K.- BY NARAYAN KAUL AAJIZ ( 1710) 2. NAWADIRUL AKHBAR - BY ABA RAFI UD DIN AHMAD (1723) 3. GAWHAR-I AALAM - BY BADI-UD DIN ABUL QASIM (1786) 4. HASHMAT-I KASHMIR - BY AB. QADIR KHAN( 1859) 1/16/2019

4. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE SAINTS ----Khulasatu’l Manaqib by N.D.J. Badakhshi ----Munqabatu’l Jawahir by ----do--- - ----R.Maktubat by S.A.Hamadani ----Tuhfat al-Ahbab (Anony)---Iraqi ----Majalisu’l Mu’minin by Qadi Nurullah - (1610) 1/16/2019

----Wirdu’l Muridin by B.D.Khaki ----Dusturus Salikin----do--- ( Dhikrul Wasilin Kash. Tr.) ----R.N. by B.D.Khaki ----R.N. by Baba Nasib ----Asraru’l Abrar by Dawud Mishkati 1/16/2019

----R.Masturat by Haidar ----Waqi’at-I Kashmir by M.A.Didamari ----Khwariku’s Salikin by Mulla A. bin Sabur ( also known as Tarikh-I Haadi) ----R.Masturat by Haidar ----Waqi’at-I Kashmir by M.A.Didamari ----Futuhat-I kubrawiyyah by A.Wahab Nuri ----Futuhat-I Qadriyyah by M.Husain Qadri 1/16/2019

----R.N by Bahau’d-Din Mattu ----Tarikh Hasan ----Tarikh-I Kabir by Muhi-ud Din Miskin 1/16/2019

5.KASHMIRI LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE ----SONGS OF LALLA ‘ARIFA COLLECTED AND TR. BY Barnett and Grierson -----Different compilations of the mystical verses of Shaykh Nur-ud-Din ----Lyrics of HABBA KHATUN BY J.L.Kaul ----Folk Lore and Traditions of Valley compiled by Lawrence, Knowles and Grierson ----Also by Prof. Farooq Fayaz. 1/16/2019

6. EUROPEAN ACCOUNTS ----NO EUROPEAN VISITED DURING THE ENTIRE SULTANATE PERIOD ----BENEDICT DE GOES & JEROME XAVIER VISITED WITH EMPEROR AKBAR (1597) ----FRANCISCO PELSAERT ---- BERNIER (WITH EMPEROR AURANGZEB) ----DESIDERI & FRYRE 1/16/2019

THANX 1/16/2019