Chapter 16 Section 4 The Allies Are Victorious By: Keely, Micheal, Austin, and Kylie Mr. Schumacher Period 4

The Allies Plan for Victory After Pearl Harbor Churchill and President Roosevelt develop a joint war policy. The allies agree on a two front war to spread out German forces. The Tide Turns on Two Fronts Churchill wants to attack first in Africa and Europe. Stalin angry with this plan, he wants the U.S. and Britain to attack in France first. In late 1932 allies turn the tide of the war. The North African Campaign Germans have been in Africa since 1941. On June 1942, Erwin Rommel, a German General, took the key port city of Tobruk. British send over General Bernard Montgomery to take control of their forces in Africa. On October 23, 1700 British soldiers attack Rommel’s forces at El Alamein. On November 3 Rommel’s army retreated West. The Allies launch, Operation Torch, on November 8. An allied force of about 107,000 led by American general, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and this led to the downfall of Rommel in May 1943. Turning Point at Stalingrad German armies suffer losses because of Russian winters. Then in summer Hitler sends his Sixth Army to seize the rich oil fields in the Caucasus Mountains. The Battle of Stalingrad began August 23, 1942 with nightly bombing runs which reduced the city to rubble. By November 1942 Germans controlled 90% of the city. On November 1942 Soviet forces launch a counter attack. On February 2, 1943 90,000 German troops surrender. Soviets then began to push Germany out of Russia. The Invasion of Italy In January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill decide to attack Italy despite Stalin’s disagreement. On July 10, 1943, an Ally force of 180,000 soldiers land in Sicily and capture it. This defeat toppled Mussolini and King Victor Emmanuel III fired him. On September 3, Italy surrendered. Germans seized control of Northern Italy and put Mussolini back in charge. On April 28, 1945 Allies ambush some trucks and find Mussolini disguised as a German soldier They next day he was shot and hanged in the Milan town square. http://wsi.matriots.com/WWIIissues_files/Mussolini2.jpe

Life on Allied Home Fronts Americans at home helped supply the soldiers in war with weapons and equipment, putting a lot of effort in to winning the war. Allies did anything they could do to help eliminate the Axis as soon as possible About 18 million U.S. workers in factories- mostly women Youngsters saved their pennies to buy war stamps to help pay for the way Produced highly effective propaganda campaigns Japanese Americans were considered the enemy after Pearl Harbor “Aliens” shipped to relocation camps

Allied Victory un Europe - end of 1942: war in favor of Allies - 1943: secret building of force in Great Britain plan: attack Germans The D-day Invasion - May 1944: 3.5 mil. Troops and American General, Dwight D. Eisenhower (commander) plan to strike coast of Normandy Allies set up huge dummy army to keep Hitler busy German knew attack was coming, didn’t know when - “Operation Overload” greatest land and sea attack in history called D-day  June 6, 1944 - July 25 Allies punch hole in German defense near Saint-Lo - August 25 Allies: liberate France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands The Battle of the Burge - Hitler faces war on both fronts Fuhrer counter attack in west: hoped the victory split U.S. and British and break up allied supply lines. - Dec. 16 German tanks break through U.S. defense; give the campaign its name  “Battle of the Bulge” -but Allies eventually push Germans back and win.

Germany’s Unconditional Surrender - War neared end after Bulge in Europe - March 1945 Allies cross Rhine R. into Germany - April noose closes Berlin and 3 mil. U.S. troops approach S.W. 6 mil. Soviets approach east - April 25, 1945 Soviets surround capital Hitler prepares his end in underground headquarters - April 29 marries Eva Braun Hitler blames Jews for starting war and generals for losing it Him and wife kill themselves not long after - May 7, 1945 General Eisenhower accepts surrender of Third Reich - May 8 Surrender officially signed in Berlin U.S. and other Allies celebrate V-E (victory in Europe) Day

Victory in the Pacific Allies still fighting the Japanese in the Pacific 1944: -Allied invade Japan. -Japanese destroy American fleet -Lost miserably in the Battle of Leyte Gulf -The kamikaze sank Allies ships by crashing into them in their bomb-filled planes 1945- American Marines took Iwa Jima -June 22, the war was over -Japanese lost 110,000 troops -Americans lost 12,500 troops President Truman threatened to drop the Atomic Bomb on Japan if they did not surrender August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and killed 73,000 people Another bomb was dropped on August 9, killing 37,500 On September 9, Japan surrendered which ended the war

Vocabulary Erwin Rommel- General who took the key port city of Tobruk in June 1942. Bernard Montgomery- General who took control of British forces in North Africa. He launched the Battle of El Alamein with a massive attack from the frontline. Dwight D. Eisenhower- American General who led an Allied force of more than 107,000 troops that landed in Morocco and Algeria. Battle of Stalingrad- A 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. D-Day- They day on which the Allies began their invasion of the European mainland during World War II. Battle of the Bulge- Battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II. Kamikaze- Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bomb-filled planes into them.

Questions 1. How did the day “D-Day” get its name? 2. How did the war end? 3. Who dropped the atomic bomb on Japan in 1945? Who was the general when the Allies launched Operation Torch in Africa? When Mussolini was discovered to be put back in control of Italy by the Germans, where was he found and what happened to him?

Answers By the invasion of Normandy, which was the greatest land and sea attack in history May 7, 1945 the Germany military Sent an unconditional surrender of the Third Reich. The United States Dwight D. Eisenhower The Italian resistance ambushed his truck and he was shot and hung the next day.