Mu and delta, but not kappa, opioid agonists induce spastic paraparesis after a short period of spinal cord ischaemia in rats† M Kakinohana, S Nakamura,

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Mu and delta, but not kappa, opioid agonists induce spastic paraparesis after a short period of spinal cord ischaemia in rats† M Kakinohana, S Nakamura, T Fuchigami, K.J. Davison, M Marsala, K Sugahara British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 96, Issue 1, Pages 88-94 (January 2006) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aei285 Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 MDI assessed from 30 min to 24 h in animals after sham operation or 6 min of aortic occlusion and IT injection of saline or DAMGO 2.5 μg, U50488H 150 μg or DPDPE 45 μg. Each time points represent as follows: 1, before spinal cord ischaemia; 2, 30 min of reperfusion; 3, 5 min after IT injection; 4, 15 min after IT injection; 5, 30 min after IT injection; 6, 1 h after IT injection; 7, 2 h after IT injection; 8, 4 h after IT injection; 9, 8 h after IT injection; 10, 24 h after IT injection. There was significant motor dysfunction following IT DAMGO or DPDPE, but not U50488H, when administered after ischaemia [P<0.01, compared with the MDI at 30 min of reperfusion (time point 2)]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 96, 88-94DOI: (10.1093/bja/aei285) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Dose-dependent effects of IT DAMGO, DPDPE and U40588H on motor function after 6 min of spinal cord ischaemia (#P<0.05, compared with IT saline). Maximum MDI of DAMGO, DPDPE and U50488H were represented. (DAMGO, 15 min after injection; DPDPE, 1 h after injection; U50488H, 30 min after injection.) British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 96, 88-94DOI: (10.1093/bja/aei285) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Effect of IT naloxone or naltrindole on DAMGO- or DPDPE-induced motor dysfunction after 6 min of spinal cord ischaemia. Note a complete reversal of DAMGO- and DPDPE-induced motor deficit 30 min after IT naloxone (30 μg) and naltrindole (5 μg), respectively (P<0.05, *compared with group MN or DN, #compared with group MC or DC). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 96, 88-94DOI: (10.1093/bja/aei285) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Light microphotograph of the transverse section taken from L3 spinal segment of an animal subjected to 6 min of spinal ischaemia and 24 h of reperfusion. All neuronal pools showed normal structure with well-preserved neuronal membrane, nucleus, and nucleolus. (a) Animal received IT DAMGO 2.5 μg at 30 min of reperfusion. (b) Animal received IT DPDPE 45 μg at 30 min of reperfusion (original magnification 40×). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 96, 88-94DOI: (10.1093/bja/aei285) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions