Solubility & Ksp & Nuclear

Ksp Ksp - the study of the solubility of insoluble ionic compounds Ksp - solubility product constant

Writing Ksp Expressions CaF2 (s)  Ca +2 + 2F- Mg3(PO4)2 (s)  3Mg +2 + 2PO4 -3 BaSO4 (s)  Ba +2 + SO4 -2

Example The solubility of CuBr is 2.0 x 10-4 M. What is the value of Ksp? CuBr  Cu + + Br- Ksp = [Cu+][Br-] Ksp = [2.0 x 10-4 ][2.0 x 10-4 ] Ksp = 4.0 x 10 -8

Example 2 What is the molar solubility of Ag2S if the Ksp is 1.6 x 10-49? Ag2S  2Ag + + S-2 Ksp = [Ag +]2[S-2] Ksp = [2x]2[x] 1.6 x 10-49 = 4x3 X = 3.42 x 10-17M

Example 3 What is the molar solubility of bismuth (III) sulfide if the Ksp is 1.1 x 10-73? 1 x 10 -15M

Example 4 The pH of a solution of Fe(OH)3 is 2. What is the molar solubility? Ksp = 4 x 10 -38. pH = 2 pOH = 12 [OH-] = 1 x 10 -12M Fe(OH)3  Fe +3 + 3OH- Ksp = [Fe+3][OH-]3 4 x 10 -38 = [x][4 x 10 -38]3 X = 0.04 M

Will a solid form??? Compare Ksp to Qsp Q > K = yes ppt will form Q < K = no ppt Q is reaction quotient…just like K but not at equilibrium

Example Will a ppt form? 50.0 ml of a 0.00025 M Na3PO4 solution is mixed with 50.0 ml of 0.0025 M BaCl2. Ksp of Ba3(PO4)2 is 6 x 10-39.

Competing ppt NaCl is added to a 50 ml beaker that contains a mixture of 0.00015 M Pb(NO3)2 and 0.00035 M AgNO3. What ppt will form 1st? Show your work.

Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear vs. Chemical Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays Atoms of one element are converted into another element May involve protons, neutrons, or electrons Have large energy changes Reaction rates are not affected Occurs when bonds are broken and formed Atoms remain unchanged, but the may be rearranged Involve only valence electrons Have small energy changes Reaction rates are influenced by temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts

Types of Radiation The three most common types of radiation are alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ).

Deflection The effect of an electric field on three types of radiation is shown. Positively charged alpha particles are deflected toward the negatively charged plate.

Deflection Negatively charged beta particles are deflected toward the positively charged plate.

Deflection Beta particles undergo greater deflection because they have considerably less mass than alpha particles.

Deflection Gamma rays, which have no electrical charge, are not deflected.

Writing Nuclear Reactions When writing nuclear reactions, you must remember the Law of Conservation of Matter What you start with has to equal what you end with You also have to remember how to write formulas for isotopes

Nuclear Reactions Write the reaction for radium 226 converting into radon 222 Radium 226 is 22688Ra Radon 222 is 22286Rn Write the equation 22688Ra  22286Rn Now you must find what is missing 22688Ra  22286Rn + 42He

Nuclear Reactions Write the reaction of carbon-14 decaying into nitrogen – 14 146C  147N Now see what’s missing Only add to the product side 146C  147N + 0-1

Nuclear Reactions Write the reaction of uranim-238 undergoing alpha and gamma decay 23892U  42He + 00 Now put what’s left 23892U  42He + 00 + 23490Th

Fission and Fusion Fission – splitting the nucleus into fragments Releases large amounts of energy Nuclear power plants use fission to generate power

Fission and Fusion Fusion – combining of atomic nuclei Release large amounts of energy Require extremely high temperatures The lowest temperature possible is 40,000,000 K Know to occur on the sun