Discovering Psychology Special Update For DSM-5 Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury Discovering Psychology Sixth Edition Special Update For DSM-5 Chapter 7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 7.1 Mentally Scanning Images This is a reduced version of the map used by Stephen Kosslyn and his colleagues (1978) to study the scanning of mental images. After subjects memorized the map, the map was removed. Subjects then mentally visualized the map and scanned from one location to another. As you can see by the average scanning times, it took subjects longer to scan greater distances on their mental images of the map, just as it takes longer to scan greater distances on an actual map. Figure 7.1 Mentally Scanning Images Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 7.2 Manipulating Mental Images Two of these threes are backward. Which ones? Figure 7.2 Manipulating Mental Images Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 7.1 From Prototypes to Atypical Examples Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 7.3 A Demonstration of Insightful Solutions The solutions to these problems are often characterized by sudden flashes of insight. See if you have the “That’s it!” experience in solving these problems without looking at the solutions on page 285. Figure 7.3 A Demonstration of Insightful Solutions Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 7.4 Overcoming Functional Fixedness Here’s a classic problem for you to solve. You have two candles, some thumbtacks, and a box of matches. Using just these objects, try to figure out how to mount the candles on a wall. (The solution is on page 286.) Figure 7.4 Overcoming Functional Fixedness Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

The equations on the right, expressed in Roman numerals, are obviously incorrect. Your task is to transform each incorrect equation into a correct equation by moving ONE matchstick in each equation. The matchstick can only be moved once. Only Roman numerals and the three arithmetic operators +, –, or = are allowed. Take your best shot at solving the equations before looking at the solutions on page 289. Remember, in the Roman numeral system, I = 1; II = 2; III = 3; IV = 4; V = 5. Figure 7.5 Mental Set Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Solutions to the Problems in Figure 7.3 Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Solution to Figure 7.4 Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Most people try to correct the equations in Figure 7 Most people try to correct the equations in Figure 7.5 by moving a matchstick that changes one of the numbers. Why? Because solving the math problems that we are assigned in school almost always involves manipulating the numbers, not the arithmetic signs. While this assumption is a useful one in solving the vast majority of math problems—especially the ones that you are assigned as homework—it is an example of a mental set that can block you from arriving at new, creative solutions to problems. Solution to Figure 7.5 Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 7.6 The Normal Curve of Distribution of IQ Scores The distribution of IQ scores on the WAIS-III in the general population tends to follow a bell-shaped normal curve, with the average score defined as 100. Notice that 68 percent of the scores fall within the “normal” IQ range of 85 to 115. Ninety-five percent of the general population score between 70 and 130, while only one-tenth of 1 percent score lower than 55 or higher than 145. Figure 7.6 The Normal Curve of Distribution of IQ Scores Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 7.7 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 7.8 Genetics, Environment, and IQ Scores This graph shows the average correlations of IQ scores for individuals who are genetically related to different degrees. The graph is based on research by psychologists Thomas Bouchard and Matt McGue, who summarized the results from more than 100 separate studies on over 100,000 pairs of relatives (McGue & others, 1993). The data show that both genetics and environment have an effect on IQ scores. The more closely two individuals are related genetically, the more similar their IQ scores: Identical twins reared together are more alike than are fraternal twins reared together. However, the same data also show the importance of environmental influences: Identical twins reared together are more alike than are identical twins reared apart, and siblings who are reared together are more alike than are siblings reared in different homes. Figure 7.8 Genetics, Environment, and IQ Scores Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 7.9 The Two Pots Analogy Because the two environments are very different, no conclusions can be drawn about possible overall genetic differences between the plants in pot A and the plants in pot B. Figure 7.9 The Two Pots Analogy Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 7.2 The Effects of Discrimination on IQ Scores in Japan Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers