Figure 4.1 Anatomy of the composite animal cell. Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Nucleus Mitochondria Chromatin Nucleolus

Figure 4.1a Anatomy of the composite animal cell. Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane 2

Figure 4.1b Anatomy of the composite animal cell. Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Nucleus Mitochondria Chromatin Nucleolus 3

Figure 4.2 Structural details of the plasma membrane. Extracellular fluid (watery environment outside cell) Polar head of phospholipid molecule Cholesterol Glycolipid Glycoprotein Nonpolar tail of phospholipid molecule Glycocalyx (carbohydrates) Lipid bilayer containing proteins Outward-facing layer of phospholipids Inward-facing layer of phospholipids Cytoplasm (watery environment inside cell) Integral proteins Filament of cytoskeleton Peripheral proteins 4

Figure 4.3 Structure of the generalized cell. Nucleus Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nuclear pore Plasma membrane Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytosol Mitochondrion Lysosome Centrioles Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrosome matrix Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Microvilli Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Microfilament Microtubule Intermediate filaments Cytoskeletal elements Peroxisome 5

Interphase Early Prophase Late Prophase Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (1 of 2) Interphase Early Prophase Late Prophase Polar microtubule Centrosomes (each has 2 centrioles) Plasma membrane Early mitotic spindle Spindle pole Fragments of nuclear envelope Aster Nucleolus Chromatin Chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids Centromere Nuclear envelope Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule 6

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (2 of 2) Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Nucleolus forming Contractile ring at cleavage furrow Nuclear envelope forming Spindle Metaphase plate Daughter chromosomes 7

Figure 4. 4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (1 of 6) Interphase Centrosomes (each has 2 centrioles) Plasma membrane Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope 8

Figure 4. 4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (2 of 6) Early Prophase Early mitotic spindle Aster Chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids Centromere 9

Figure 4. 4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (3 of 6) Late Prophase Polar microtubule Spindle pole Fragments of nuclear envelope Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule 10

Figure 4. 4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (4 of 6) Metaphase Spindle Metaphase plate 11

Figure 4. 4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (5 of 6) Anaphase Daughter chromosomes 12

Telophase Cytokinesis Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (6 of 6) Telophase Cytokinesis Nucleolus forming Contractile ring at cleavage furrow Nuclear envelope forming 13

Table 4.1 Summary of Structure and Function of Cytoplasmic Organelles

Table 4.1 Summary of Structure and Function of Cytoplasmic Organelles (1 of 4) 15

Table 4.1 Summary of Structure and Function of Cytoplasmic Organelles (2 of 4) 16

Table 4.1 Summary of Structure and Function of Cytoplasmic Organelles (3 of 4) 17

Table 4.1 Summary of Structure and Function of Cytoplasmic Organelles (4 of 4) 18