March 2017 Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title : Technical considerations for increasing communication distance using OCC Date Submitted : [Nov, 2018] Source : Moh. Khalid Hasan, Md. Shahjalal, Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury, and Yeong Min Jang Company : [Kookmin University] Address : [Seoul, Korea] Voice : [+82-2-910-5068], E-Mail: [yjang@kookmin.ac.kr] Re : Abstract : This document discusses about possible considerations to increase the communication distance for OCC. Purpose : To investigate the transmitter and receiver characteristics that affect maximum communication distance for OCC. Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release : The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Submission

Introduction Optical camera communication (OCC) is a OWC system in which visible or infrared light is used to communicate with an image sensor. Current commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are very useful in terms of costs, power consumption, and efficiency and are established almost everywhere. By exploiting cameras to receive data sent from LED transmitters can add a significant dimension in the area of OWC technologies. OCC is a directional technology that provides a high security level of to the users. OCC can be used as a significant solution in the vehicular assistance technologies (VAT).

Technical Requirements Transmitter Requirements: Larger LED size. High LED flickering rate. Narrow angle emission pattern. Receiver requirements: Image sensor with very small pixel edge lengths. Enhanced focal length. Increased received power.

Communication Distance Enhancement For rolling-shutter based cameras, the LED flickering generates continuous dark and bright strips. This happens due to the vertically moving shutter configurations. Increasing the LED size will increase the number of strips. The number of strips greatly contributes in deciding the maximum communication distance. There is a minimum number of strips below which the databits sent from the LED cannot be decoded. The minimum number of strips will correspond to the maximum communication distance. Maximum communication distance also depends on the modulation schemes.

Conclusion As long as the number of strips does not fall behind the threshold mark, the data can be decoded. This threshold mark defines the maximum communication distance. Enhancing the transmitter and receiver characteristics including increasing LED size, focal length, and pixel density greatly contribute to increase the communication distance. Communication distance can also increased by accurately focusing the LED by camera and using other region-of-interest signaling techniques.