Low magnitude high frequency vibration accelerated cartilage degeneration but improved epiphyseal bone formation in anterior cruciate ligament transect.

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Low magnitude high frequency vibration accelerated cartilage degeneration but improved epiphyseal bone formation in anterior cruciate ligament transect induced osteoarthritis rat model J. Qin, S.K.-H. Chow, A. Guo, W.-N. Wong, K.-S. Leung, W.-H. Cheung Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 22, Issue 7, Pages 1061-1067 (July 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.004 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 A, Flowchart of group assignment in this study. Three batches with 88 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Two batches of 36 rats were used for histological and morphological-biomechanical studies separately. Six rats from both groups were sacrificed at 6, 12 and 18 weeks. The third batch of 16 rats was used for functional test, with eight rats per group tested at 0, 6, 12 and 18 weeks continuously, where both groups had two rats being excluded during the test (two rats at 12 weeks time point in treatment group, one rat each at 6 and 12 weeks time point in control group) according to the exclusion criteria (accomplish three compliant runs in 3 days). B, Rats were housed individually in a standard bottomless and compartmented cage on the LMHFV platform, which oscillated vertically at 35 Hz and a peak-to-peak acceleration of 0.3 g (g = gravitational acceleration). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1061-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 A, Safranin O–fast green stained medial joint compartment at 6, 12 and 18 weeks in both groups (n = 6). Cartilage thickness and red color stained proteoglycan were decreased with time, which were more severe in treatment group. B, Histogram shows the histology score (mean ± SD) of both groups at 6, 12 and 18 weeks. In control group, histological score at 18 weeks increased significantly as compared with 6 and 12 weeks [mean difference = 21.97 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 9.17–34.77, P = 0.001) and 17.56 (95% CI 4.75–30.36, P = 0.006), respectively, one-way ANOVA]. Comparing between groups, the histological score was significantly higher in treatment group (P = 0.011, two-way ANOVA). The pattern of histological score increased faster in treatment group, demonstrating faster cartilage deterioration (P = 0.049, two-way ANOVA). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1061-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 A and B, Representative thickness maps of distal femur cartilage of control group (A) and treatment group (B) at 12 weeks. C, Histograms of CV of distal femur (n = 6). Comparing within group, it decreased from 12 to 18 weeks in both groups [mean difference = 0.431 (95% CI 0.214–0.648, P = 0.001) in control group, 0.591 (95% CI 0.104–1.079, P = 0.019) in treatment group, one-way ANOVA]. Comparing between groups, it was higher in treatment group (P = 0.019, two-way ANOVA). D, Histogram of density of subchondral bone plate region (n = 6). Comparing within groups, it increased from 6 to 18 weeks in both groups [155.145 (95% CI 121.377–188.913, P < 0.001) in control group, 129.580 (95% CI 31.158–228.003, P = 0.009) in treatment group, one-way ANOVA], and increased from 12 to 18 weeks in control group [127.223 (95% CI 97.020–157.426, P < 0.001), one-way ANOVA]. No difference was observed between groups. E–G, Histograms of BV/TV, Tb.N and Tb.Sp of distal femur epiphysis, respectively (n = 6). Comparing within group, BV/TV, Tb.N increased and Tb.Sp decreased from 6 to 18 weeks in treatment group [0.065 (95% CI 0.016–0.114, P = 0.009), 1.158 (95% CI 0.131–2.186, P = 0.025) and 0.045 (95% CI 0.007–0.083, P = 0.020), respectively, one-way ANOVA]. No change was observed in control group. Comparing between groups, Tb.N was higher in treatment group (P = 0.035, two-way ANOVA). Pattern of BV/TV, Tb.N and Tb.Sp changed significantly over time. Bone formation increased in treatment group (P = 0.006, 0.018 and 0.011, respectively, two-way ANOVA). H, Histogram of cartilage elastic modulus of medial tibial plateau. No difference was observed within or between groups (Error bar: ±1 SD). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1061-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Histograms of the duty cycle, regular index and limb idleness (mean ± SD) of both groups at 6, 12 and 18 weeks (n = 6). Duty cycle (A) and regular index (B) were significantly decreased and limb idleness index (C) increased in treatment group, which means severer limb pain provoked by LMHFV treatment (P = 0.020, 0.012 and 0.005, respectively, Repeated Measure ANOVA). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1061-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions