Time-Space Convergence Distance-Decay Means that places closer to one another are more likely to interact as a result of the friction of distance. What has happened to Distance Decay and why?

Types of Transport What reasons would you choose one mode of transport over another Item to be transported The cost The speed it needs transporting Compare transport of strawberries to coal for example.

Operating Costs include Overheads – cost of equipment Variable costs e.g. fuel Indirect costs eg insurance Over long distances shipping is very competitive as it has low operating costs They also benefit from ECONOMIES OF SCALE (cheaper to send in bulk)

Because of economies of scale things get bigger

What are the advantages and Disadvantages of different modes of transport? Water (ocean) Cheaper over long distances No cost in building the route Good for bulky, low cost goods, e.g. coals, ores, grains Costs spread over a large cargo Slow Very limited routes to deep water ports Ships expensive to build and maintain Environmental problems Ports take up great space Air Faster over long distances Limited congestion Good for high-value transport such as people, hi-tech cargo and urgent cargo also some perishables e.g. flowers. Lots of land needed Noise Expensive to build and maintain No flexibility of routes Very expensive Can carry only small loads.

Comparing Costs

Tasks 1. Geographyalltheway – watch james may, make notes Timelines for development of air and Water transport Notes from page 152