Socio-Cultural Issues Affecting Performance Contemporary Issues Ethics and Deviance in Sport

Understand the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport Learning Objectives Learning Objective: Understand the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport Learning Outcomes: All: Describe the types of drugs/doping, reasons for and strategies to prevent violence and the effects of gambling in sport Most: Explain, giving sporting examples, the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport Some: Evaluate the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport, on the performer and the sport

Key Terms Drugs Doping Violence Gambling

DRUGS AND DOPING IN SPORT Doping debate – should athletes use drugs? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dihP00AQa1o A history of Olympic drug cheats https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ch44xW7-hNM Lance Armstrong – I’d do it again https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzvZNQKowMU

Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping Legal Supplements / methods Prohibited Methods and Illegal Drugs Protein Anabolic Steroids Creatine Beta Blockers Cooling aids Stimulants Intermittent Hypoxic Training Narcotic Analgesics Glycogen loading Diuretics Caffeine Peptide hormones, mimetics, analogues Bicarbonate Substances with anti-oestrogenic activity Nitrate Masking agents Blood Doping Enhancement of oxygen transfer Administration of products that enhance the uptake, transport and delivery of oxygen Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation Gene doping

Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping Many sports performers use legal supplements to maximise training and performance in sport. Even these could be viewed by some people as cheating since they aid performance, but they are accepted by sports administrators because they do not significantly enhance performance or significantly affect the performer’s health and well-being Legal supplements – e.g. vitamins and minerals are freely available. However some manufacturers claims that they help sports performance are based on questionable or conflicting research. Such supplements may not be safe to use, particularly in high doses.

Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping Advantages of taking legal supplements Some sports drinks / vitamins claim to help build muscle, increase stamina, weight control, improve flexibility, rehydrate or aid recovery. Creatine – a high energy compound that helps to store and provide energy so you can train for longer and increase performance during high-intensity exercise Energy drinks – water keeps you hydrated, electrolytes such as sodium enhance the bodies ability to hold water. Some energy drinks contain carbohydrates that can give extra energy and some provide extra protein to help prevent muscle loss

Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping Disadvantages of taking legal supplements Some supplements can contain banned substances or be contaminated during manufacturing Some may not be what they seem and may not contain what is stated on the packet There are concerns over long-term health implications of taking creatine for prolonged periods as it could have an undesirable effect on the digestive system and result in muscular and cardiovascular issues as well as potentially increasing the risk of cancer Many energy drinks are extremely high in sugar and prolonged use can contribute to heath issues such as obesity and tooth decay Philosophical argument – it’s not in the spirit of fair play as not all performers have access to supplements, or they may not be able to afford them. Many nutritionists agree that a well-planned, balanced diet and regular intake of water are all that is required for a sports performer at most levels of competition

Reasons why elite performers use illegal drugs / doping Pressure to succeed (from coaches, peers, parents etc) Desire to win Political pressures (Russia/East Germany – state sponsored doping regime) Monetary rewards (prize money / sponsorship) Status Everyone else is taking them so why shouldn’t I?

Consequences / implications to society, sport, performers Health issues Banned / stripped of medals Sports become tainted, resulting in a struggle to gain sponsorship, and a loss of public support Sponsors are reluctant to lend their brand to athletes who are under suspicion Damaging press reports leads to supporters becoming disaffected It reflects the culture of society – seen as corrupt

Strategies to stop the use of illegal drugs and doping in sport WADA List of banned substances Research Regular random drug testing Education Pressure from coaches/other athletes Stricter punishments for drug use Stripped of medals Banned from the sport (potentially whole nations)

VIOLENCE IN SPORT Violence – intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual and can cause injury or death https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYsW1tdxhRc Examining violence in sport https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzhml222Sqk

Implications of violence to society, sport and performers Role models – children learn violent behaviours Criminal punishment Lose sponsorship Banned – from sport or watching it Makes the sport look bad

Causes of violence in relation to players and spectators ‘Win at all costs’ mentality Aggression Frustration Reflection on society Drugs / alcohol Rivalry Media Deindivduation

Strategies to prevent violence in relation to players and spectators Educate Rules – enforced by referees and coaches Criminal investigations Banning violent players / spectators Fines Role models CCTV

GAMBLING IN SPORT Gambling is a big business worldwide and has become truly global – the growing availabliity of the internet has given rise to the rapid onset of gambling online. Match fixing Bribery Illegal sports betting

Match fixing / Bribery / illegal betting Match fixing - When a sports competition is played to a completely or partly determined result. It is against the law e.g. South Africa cricket captain Hansie Cronje admitted taking a £68,000 payment from bookmakers for providing them with match information to fix the results of games. He was banned from the sport. e.g. 1915 football match – Man Utd beat Liverpool 2-1 at Old Trafford, the visitors missed a penalty. An investigation was launched after complaints from bookmakers following a run of bets on the correct score line with a goal in each half. e.g. a businessman was convicted of being involved in an Asian betting scam when a series of floodlights failed in top-flight English matches in 1997, they failed at points in the game where the scores were level, a result favourable to the Far East betting syndicate. Jockeys are banned from betting on all horse racing, while trainers can back their own horse to win, but not lose. Spot fixing – when a specific aspect of a sports competition is illegally pre-determined e.g. a football player being sent off at a particular period of the game, or a cricket bowler delivering a wide at a particular point during a game. List of match fixing incidents - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_match_fixing_incidents Cricket match fixing - https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/cricket/5491542/umpires-outrageous-match-fixing-storm-cricket-match/