Warm Up 1. Some countries have several official languages because they want to A. Make international diplomacy easier B. Foster political cooperation with.

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Presentation transcript:

Warm Up 1. Some countries have several official languages because they want to A. Make international diplomacy easier B. Foster political cooperation with neighboring countries C. Make government operate more efficiently D. Prepare students to participate in the global economy E. Give recognition to different groups within one country

Diffusion of Religion http://www.vox.com/2015/7/13/8950979/religion-map

The Geography of Religion The Great Mosque, Mali The Geography of Religion Origins and Distributions of the Major Religions Key Terms Religious Ecology Secularism, Fundamentalism, and Conflict The Wailing Wall, Jerusalem Hindu Statue (Ganesh) Buddhist Monks

- source area of human civilization - innovation center Culture Hearths DEFINITION Culture Hearth: - heartland - source area of human civilization - innovation center - place of origin of a major culture *Many hearths invent similar innovations without knowing about each other, a process called independent innovation

Primary Culture Hearths of the World http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/g101ilec/china/chh/hea/chhheafr.htm

Culture Hearths--Examples Andean America Eastward through South America Mesoamerica Eastern and Western North America West Africa Throughout Africa Nile River Valley Throughout Africa and Southwest Asia Mesopotamia Throughout Southwest Asia, Europe, Central and East Asia, West Africa Indus River Valley Southwest, Central, and East Asia Ganges River Delta South, Southeast, and Southwest Asia Wei and Huang Rivers East and Southeast Asia

The Geography of Religion Ethnic Religions Polytheism Universalizing Religions(proselytic) Monotheism

How do Universalizing and Ethnic Religions Differ? (Christianity, Buddhism, Islam) Appeal to people everywhere Individual founder (prophet) Message diffused widely (missionaries) Followers distributed widely. Holidays based on events in founder’s life. Broken down into branches, denominations, and sects Ethnic (Hinduism and Judaism) Has meaning in particular place only. Unknown source. Content focused on place and landscape of origin. Followers highly clustered. Holidays based on local climate and agricultural practice. Branches are large fundamental divisions within a religion, denominations are groups of common congregations within a branch, and sects are smaller groups that have broken away from a recognized denomination within a branch.

Variations in Distribution of Religions (1) Origin of religions Origin of universalizing religions Origin of Hinduism Diffusion of religions Diffusion of universalizing religions Lack of diffusion of ethnic religions

Variations in Distribution of Religions (2) Holy places Holy places in universalizing religions Holy places in ethnic religions The calendar The calendar in ethnic religions The calendar in universalizing religions

Christianity (Universalizing) 2 billion adherents make it most practiced in the world. Originated in Bethlehem (8-4 BC) and Jerusalem (AD 30) with Jesus Christ. Semitic Hearth (modern day Israel) Spread by missionaries and the Roman Empire (Constantine A.D. 313). It is the most practiced religion in Africa today.

Branches of Christianity Roman Catholics 830 million adherents Hierarchical structure (Pope, cardinals, archbishops, and priests) No prominent divisions Vatican City, Italy Protestant 503 million adherents Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal, and Lutheran Origins= Reformation circa 15th c. Eastern Orthodox 1054 CE when Roman Catholic Church split 14 self-governing churches (Russian Orthodox= Largest) 192 million adherents Constantinople (Istanbul)

Diffusion of Christianity Hearth= Palestine Diffusion occured when Roman Empire adopted as official religion in 312 CE European colonial efforts in 15th century also expanded

Christianity in the U.S.

Warm Up Which of the following is a dialect? A. Indo-European B. Romance C. Southern US D. Latin E. Dravidian

Islam (Universalizing) 1 billion + adherents Originated in Saudi Arabia (Mecca and Medina) around AD 600. Spread originally by Muslim armies to N. Africa, and the Near East. Sunni (83%) - throughout the Muslim world. Shiite - Iran (40%), Pakistan (15%), Iraq (10%) Islam (Universalizing)

Branches of Islam Sunni Muslims Shiite Muslims “Orthodox” 85% of Muslims Bangladesh & Pakistan Sunni caliphates were NOT descendants of Muhammad Shiite Muslims Iran and Iraq 15% of Muslims Only descendants of Ali, and therefore Muhammad should be the head of Islam

Reading the Koran, Brunei Islam Prophet: Muhammad Holy Text: Koran Islamic Calender Begins in AD 622 when Muhammad was commanded to Mecca from Medina (Hijra). Lunar calendar makes Ramadan move through the seasons (30 year cycle - 19 years with 354 days and 11 with 355). Five Pillars of Islam There is one God and Muhammad is his messenger. Prayer five times daily, facing Mecca. The giving of alms(charity) to the poor. Fasting during Ramadan for purification and submission. If body and income allow, a Muslim must make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca in his lifetime. Reading the Koran, Brunei

Islam Prophet: Muhammad Holy Text: Koran

Diffusion of Islam Islam is considered the fastest growing religion in America. Only a small part of this growth is from black Muslims and the Nation of Islam.

Cultural Variation by Place and Region The degree of adherence to tradition varies within each religion…every religion includes followers who practice fundamentalism, an attempt to follow the literal interpretation of religious faith. The strength of fundamentalism often diminishes with greater distance from the religious hearth To measure fundamentalism in Islam, look at the role of sharia, the Islamic legal framework for a country Sharia is strongest in Saudi Arabia and Yemen…not as strong in Malaysia and Indonesia Some fundamentalist countries are theocracies, countries shoes governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

Buddhism (Universalizing) 300 million + adherents primarily in China and S.E. Asia Originated near modern Nepal around 530 BC by prince Siddhartha Guatama. Spread originally in India and Sri Lanka by Magadhan Empire (250 BC). Indo-Gangetic Hearth (Indus and Ganges Rivers) Indian traders brought it to China in 1st century AD. By 6th century it had lost its hold on India, but was now in Korea and Japan. Buddhism (Universalizing)

Buddhism Four Noble Truths: 1. All living beings must endure suffering. 2. Suffering, which is caused by desires (for life), leads to reincarnation. 3. The goal of existence is an escape from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation by means of Nirvana. 4. Nirvana is achieved by the Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of understanding, mindfulness, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and concentration. Theravada - the older, more severe form which requires the renouncing of all worldly goods and desires. -Monks and nuns -55% of all Buddhists (Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia) Mahayana - focuses on Buddha’s teachings and compassion through meditation and prayer -Korea, Vietnam, Japan, China Karma - your past bad or good actions determine your progress toward Nirvana through reincarnation. You are your own God.

Other Branches… Zen Buddhism Lamaism in Tibet (now China) Japan Combination of Theravada + local images of deities and demons 5% of Buddhists Chinese gov is trying to suppress Dalai Lama

Holy Sites in Buddhism Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

Buddhist Temple Bodh Gaya, India

Dancing Shiva/Nataraj Hinduism Lord Vishnu Ganesh Dancing Shiva/Nataraj

Hinduism (Ethnic) 900 million + adherents primarily in India Hinduism is an ancient term for the complex and diverse set of religious beliefs practiced around the Indus River. Reincarnation - endless cycles. Karma and Yoga. Caste System = Social hierarchy into which people are born Coastlines and river banks most sacred sites. Veda = collection of ancient scriptures Vishnu and Shiva most common of hundreds of deities. (polytheistic)

Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

Judaism (Ethnic) Oldest monotheistic religion Semitic Hearth Roots of faith in teachings of Abraham Torah and Old Testament Talmud = collection of rabbinical and historical teachings After Romans destroyed Jerusalem, Jews scattered around the world, known as a diaspora Synagogue (House of worship) Western Wall 18 million Jews Worldwide 7 million North America 5 million Europe and Russia 66% live in Israel and US

Branches of Judaism Reform Conservative Orthodox

Other Ethnic Religions… Animism (Shamanism) - the belief that all objects, animals, and beings are “animated” or possess a spirit and a conscious life. Also called shamanism because of the prominence of a Shaman. Such beliefs are common among hunter-gatherers. 10% of Africans follow such traditional ethnic religions. These beliefs are losing ground to Christianity and Islam throughout Africa. Nigerian Shaman

Native American Animism Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together. All things connect. ~ Chief Seattle Bear Dance

Other Ethnic Religions Shintoism Buddhism + local principles Japan 118 million worshippers Taoism (Daoism) Laozi People should live in harmony with nature Confucianism Focus on worldly matters instead of heaven/hell

Secularism & Theocracy Reject or are indifferent to religion Theocracy Government run by a religion Ex: Afghanistan & Taliban

Organization of Space Places of worship Sacred space Christian worship Places of worship in other religions Sacred space Disposing of the dead Religious settlements Religious place names Administration of space Hierarchical religions Locally autonomous religions

Part II. Paragraph Cultural diffusion is about encounters and interactions among people. Select TWO of the philosophies/religions that you or your classmates have presented on and examine the ways in which these religions have encountered and interacted with each other. Your paragraph should describe the origins of the religion/philosophy, initial encounter with each other (if existed), the nature of the interaction (if existed), and the ways in which the relationship changed over time. You may NOT compare Christianity to Judaism. Your paragraph may NOT be longer than 1 page.

Place Names in Québec Fig. 6-12: Place names in Québec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.

Roman Catholic Hierarchy in U.S. Fig. 6-13: The Catholic church divides the U.S. into provinces headed by archbishops. Provinces are divided into dioceses, headed by bishops.

Shrine, Bangalore, India Key Terms Syncretism - the mixing of two or more religions that creates unique rituals, artwork, and beliefs. Examples include syncretism of Christianity and indigenous beliefs in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Caribbean Voodoo (Haiti, Louisiana) Christianity in Indigenous Latin American Voodoo Dolls, Haiti Shrine, Bangalore, India

Syncretism - the mixing of two or more religions that creates unique rituals, artwork, and beliefs.

Key Terms Secularization - a process that is leading to increasingly large groups of people who claim no allegiance to any church. Some of these people are atheists. Others simply do not practice. Still others call themselves spiritual, but not religious. Common in Europe and the cities of the U.S. Common in former Soviet Union and China. Fundamentalism - a process that is leading to increasingly large groups of people who claim there is only one way to interpret worship. Fundamentalists generally envision a return to a more perfect religion and ethics they imagine existed in the past. Common in the U.S. and in some Islamic nations.

Religious Conflicts Religion vs. government policies Religion vs. social change Religion vs. Communism Religion vs. religion Religious wars in Ireland Religious wars in the Middle East

Catholic Protestors in Northern Ireland

Distribution of Protestants in Ireland, 1911 Fig 6-14: When Ireland became independent in 1937, 26 northern districts with large Protestant populations chose to remain part of the United Kingdom.

Jerusalem Fig. 6-15: The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

The Temple Mount, Jerusalem Temple Mount contains sites holy to both Jews and Muslims, including the Western Wall of the Second Temple, al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Dome of the Rock.

Praying at the Western Wall in Jerusalem

Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel Fig. 6-16: The UN partition plan for Palestine in 1947 contrasted with the boundaries that were established after the 1948-49 War. Major changes later resulted from the 1967 War.

Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Political and Physical maps Fig. 6-17: The West Bank and Gaza have been under Israeli control since 1967, and numerous Israeli settlements have been established there. The area includes three physical regions: the coastal plain, the hills, and the Jordan River Valley.

Israel’s Barrier in the West Bank Fig. 6-1.2: The planned route of Israel’s security barrier in the West Bank includes many of Israel’s settlements in the territory.

Religious Conflict The Big Question: Can secular society exist alongside traditional and fundamentalist religious sects and states? Let’s talk about some of the conflicts you read about while working on your poster!

Warm Up Mahayana, Theraveda, and Tantrayana are three branches of A. Islam B. Buddhism C. Sikhism D. Hinduism E. Daoism

Warm Up Which of the following countries has the largest percentage of Roman Catholics? A. US B. Great Britain C. Indonesia D. Brazil E. India