How does temperature and pH affect enzyme activity? Bell work 9/16 How does temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?

Macromolecules

Macromolecules Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCE mZw Pay close attention to the following and record on your concept map: types of elements names of the monomers examples function

Student’s Job Description Student jobs Students Job Number Student’s Job Description #1 Student will find and write the elements of any macromolecule #2 Student will identify and write the monomer of any macromolecule #3 Student will determine the polymer of any macromolecule #4 Student will identify and draw the structure of any macromolecule #5 Student will identify and write different examples of any macromolecule #6 Student will determine and write the functions of any macromolecule

Carbon Carbon is a component of almost all biological macromolecules. Carbon has four valence electrons and thus, four spaces to create covalent bonds 8 (for the octet rule)-4 valence electrons=4 spaces for bonding. Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon.

Macromolecules Carbon atoms are joined together to form macromolecules. Macromolecules: large organic molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together Also called polymers: molecules made from repeating units of monomers linked together. Monomers are small subunits of macromolecules. Think of them as the building blocks of polymers.

Carbohydrates Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Ratio of elements: 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen for ever 1 carbon. Used for: energy storage and structural support Monomer: Monosaccharaides, sugars 3-7 (CH2O) molecules in a chain. Ex. Glucose

Carbohydrates Cont. Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide, such as sucrose. Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides, like glycogen.

Lipids A group of chemicals that includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids, and sterols (steroid + alcohols). Elements present: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus Monomer: no real monomer per se, as there are no repeating units. However lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerols. Purpose: Store large amounts of energy long term; form boundaries around cells

Lipid Chemical Structure Fatty acids are non-polar

Lipids Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats Lipids with only single bonds between carbon atoms. No more hydrogen can bond to the tail Unsaturated Fats Lipids with at least one carbon to carbon double bond. Can accommodate more hydrogen.

Proteins Elements present: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Uses: structural components of animals, control molecules (enzymes), transport and messenger molecules Monomer: amino acids

Protein Function Function: many, many functions hormones movement signals from one body system to another insulin movement muscle immune system protect against germs enzymes help chemical reactions

Amino Acids Amino acids: protein monomer Consists of: carboxyl group, amine/amino group, central carbon and a variable side chain (sometimes represented as R)

Amino Acids Amino acids chain together into polymers. Some are hydrophobic Some are hydrophilic amino acid

Examples

Shape Matters Hydrophilic proteins are attracted to water in the cell and fold out, hydrophobic molecules fold away from water

Shape Cont. As a result of this and also hydrogen bonds between each other, proteins fold. Shape of a protein determines its job pepsin hemoglobin

Nucleic Acids Large complex molecules that contain hereditary or inherited information. Elements present: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus Uses: Carry hereditary information; used to make proteins Monomer: nucleotides

Nucleic Acids Cont. Nucleotides Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine in DNA In RNA, Thymine is replaced by Uracil

Structure Sugar-Phosphate back bone

DNA v. RNA DNA: double helix RNA: Single strand

Dehydration Synthesis How bonds are formed between monomers. Results in two bonded monomers and a molecule of water.

Hydrolysis The opposite of dehydration synthesis. Happens when a molecule of water breaks the bond between two monomers.