Variation Across Cultures Norms = An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Personal space – the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

The Power of Individuals When feeling pressured many people may react by doing the opposite of what is expected. Minority Influence – Throughout history, individuals have had a tremendous effect on groups by staying firm to beliefs Ex. Rosa Parks and Gandhi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V74AxCqOTvg

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE? Prejudice A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group. Example: Stereotypes like Uncle Drew Discrimination A negative and unjustified behavior toward an individual or their membership in a group https://youtu.be/8DnKOc6FISU?t=29

Social Relations: Prejudice Examples In one study, most white participants perceived a white man shoving a black man as “horsing around;” however, when they saw a black man shoving a white man, they interpreted it as “violence” A black New Jersey dentist who drove a gold BMW was stopped more than 75 times within a year People tend to perceive fathers as being more intelligent than mothers

I. Prejudice & Stereotypes A. Stereotype • the perceptions, beliefs & expectations we have about members of a group. • they are schemas for an entire group • can be positive or negative • usually oversimplified & distorted • we may not be aware of our stereotypes • often leads to prejudice Jane Elliot - Schemas are mental shortcuts that can save people time and cognitive resources. It’s a natural process that can to un-natural acts. These schemas along with impression formation, attribution and attitudes can come together to create prejudice and stereotypes. • The entire group shares the same characteristics. The most popular stereotypes are usually based on observable personal attributes, particularly ethnicity, gender and age. • we may not be aware, but we will discuss that later

IMPRESSION FORMATION: Stereotype To Form an impression: Need to have a Target & a Perceiver. Often fall back on a preconceived notion of a person or a thing. Stereotype: Use all the time to determine behavior or course of action. Formed in a variety of ways, & they can be positive or negative. Consequences sometimes lead us to make choices or behave inappropriately. IMPRESSION FORMATION: Stereotype

Perception is subjective. People often see what they expect to see. Stereotypes tend to be broad overgeneralizations, ignoring the diversity within social groups & fostering inaccurate perceptions of people. Most people who subscribe to stereotypes realize that not all members of a group are identical. Even if stereotypes mean only that people think in terms of slanted probabilities, their expectations may lead them to misperceive individuals with whom they interact. Perception is subjective. People often see what they expect to see.

Common Areas of Prejudice Sex roles/gender Age groups Race/nationality Religion Sexual preference Occupation Economic class Life style Authority School-related groupings schooling

Social Roots of Prejudice Just-World Phenomenon – tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and observe what they get Example: ex: “that homeless guy obviously never worked hard in his life.”

Emotional Roots of Prejudice Causes of Prejudice Emotional Roots of Prejudice Scapegoat theory Blaming someone else for one’s own problem ex: “its my roommate’s fault you didn’t get the rent” Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Levels of Prejudice can Change Generation X Generation Y Baby Boomers The Silent Generation Support for interracial dating No animation. Notice that attitudes about interracial dating change not just over time (longitudinally) but even more by generation (cohort). The Greatest Generation

Automatic Prejudice Study: People were more likely to misperceive a tool as a gun when preceded by an African-American face, when both were presented quickly followed by blank screen or “visual mask.” Not a gun Click to show the face and wrench again. Instructor: You may want to have students try, at home or on screen, an “Implicit Association Test” such as this one: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/

Social Relations Cognitive Roots of Prejudice Forming Categories: The Other-Race Effect The Power of Vivid Cases: Availability heuristic ignores statistics Automatic animation. “Just World” Belief: People must deserve what they get Fed by hindsight bias, cognitive dissonance

Judging Based on Vivid Cases If we see dramatic examples of terrorism carried out by people who are Muslim, we may form a false association, when in fact: 9/11 hijackers Automatic animation. Since it’s getting close to the final exam, see if students can recall: 1) What is it called when vivid cases overrule statistics in our thinking? --The Availability Heuristic. 2) What process makes us not likely to look for counterexamples to our stereotypes? --Confirmation Bias. The stereotype “Muslim = terrorist” sticks in some people’s minds even though the vast majority of Muslims do not fit this stereotype.

A Class Divided Discuss different examples in which Mrs. Elliott established stereotypes among the children. What are some examples of discrimination in the classroom? What are examples of in-group and out-group bias? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onKVeZaDzWg

Learning Target: I will be able to understand social and biological causes of aggression

Aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy Research shows that aggressive behavior emerges from the interaction of biology and experience. Genetic Influences Neural Influences Biochemical Influences

WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT MAKE US MORE PRONE TO AGGRESSION? Biological roots Genes influence aggression The Amygdala Response Frontal Lobe Hormones (testosterone)

Social-Cultural Factors Blocks in goals creates anger Anger can trigger aggression Blockage  Anger  Aggression Studies have shown that MLB pitchers are more likely to hit batters when they are frustrated by player’s previous success at-bat

How do social scripts explain aggression? The media portrays social scripts and generates mental tapes in the minds of the viewers. When confronted with new situations individuals may rely on such social scripts. If social scripts are violent in nature, people may act them out.