New Caledonia/New Columbia British Columbia to 1896 Chapter 6

First Thoughts The Pacific Northwest was the last part of N.A. to be settled or explored by Europeans. A Russian ship was the first to record arrival on the West Coast in 1741.

First Thoughts Started a successful sea otter and seal trade. Ships from Spain, Britain and the U.S. soon arrived.

The Oregon Territory Many countries believed they owned land in New Caledonia/ New Columbia. Russia: claimed northern B.C. U.S. and Britain claimed the Oregon Territory.

George Simpson He was in charge of the HBC’s department in North America. Created Forts to protect the HBC interest. Fort Vancouver (1825) Fort Langley (1827) Fort Victoria (1843)

Negotiations Britain and Russia split land in New Columbia—1839. Russia will not trade south of 50 40’ N. The U.S. looks to expand its territory. Wanted all land up until 50 40’ N.

Resolutions James Polk, a US Democrat used “54 40’ or fight” as his election campaign. The British refused to give up their claim on the land. Finally, a clear boundary was decided along the 49th parallel. North of the 49th: British South of the 49th: U.S.

Both Sides Now In partners you will practice analysing a question and coming up with arguments to support or oppose the question. You will be required to make a decision on which side you support and provide reasons why.

Both Sides Now Practice question: Actual question: Report Out: Should uniforms be required in schools? Actual question: Would it have been a good or bad thing if British Columbia had become a part of the US. Why? Report Out: What do we think?

Fort Victoria (on Vancouver Island) Created in 1848 by the HBC to protect their claims in the area. James Douglas—governor. Did not want any Americans in the area. Encouraged British settlement.

Fort Victoria The HBC wanted the settlement to follow old British rules of a few land owners with servants working the land.

The Douglas Treaties There were more than 30, 000 native peoples living on the island; only 774 colonizers. Douglas recognized the native title to the land and realized treaties were necessary.

The Douglas Treaties Results of the treaties: The aboriginals would give up their lands, but would retain hunting and fishing rights. Each family would receive a small portion of money each year. Do you think this was fair?

Were the Douglas Treaties Fairly Negotiated? Have you had to bargain to purchase something?

Is it fair bargaining if you... Know the object is worth more than the asking price? Know the person is reluctantly selling the object because he or she needs money? Threaten the person with harm if he/she doesn’t sell?

Is it fair bargaining if you... Know the person is confused about some details because he/she doesn’t speak English well? Know the person is very confused about any detail of the deal? Exaggerate about the facts to get a better price? Lie to trick the person?

Fairly Negotiated Criteria Free Authorized Consent Reasonable Value Under Circumstances Fundamental Understanding No Significant Intentional Deception

Fairly Negotiated Criteria Free Authorized Consent – there is no excess pressure from one side Reasonable Value Under Circumstance – One side may benefit more from deal but to a certain point Fundamental Understanding – If one party is confused about any aspect of deal, it is not fair No Significant Intentional Deception – If one person intentionally tries to lie or trick the other, it is not fair

Reading Around a Document When analysing written primary source documents it is important to look at 6 key points. Author -- who wrote it ? Audience -- who was it written for? Context -- where and when was it created? Type of document – it is a diary? A legal document? Purpose – why was it created? Credibility – is the information provided reliable ?

Example Chart Response (what you think) [your inferences] Evidence (clues from the document) [observations] Author Audience Context Type of document Purpose Credibility

Practice With a partner look at the example document. Work your way through the “Reading around a Document” handout. Ignore the information in the box. You are looking at all the information outside of the box.

Practice Report out What did we discover?

Historical Analysis In partners, you will be assigned two historical documents related to the Douglas Treaties. Task: 1) Read around the document Use the same process just practiced You are looking at the 6 points we just discussed One page per document 2) Judge the fairness of the negotiations Using the provided chart (Evidence of Fairness), find evidence of fair bargaining and evidence of unfair bargaining based on the above four criteria for fair negotiations

Historical Examples Report back: What did we find? Do you think the Douglas Treaties were fairly negotiated?

Quick Write In a well-developed paragraph explain why you think the Douglas Treaties were either fairly or unfairly negotiated.