Clostridium butyricum: from beneficial to a new emerging pathogen N. Cassir, S. Benamar, B. La Scola  Clinical Microbiology and Infection  Volume 22, Issue 1, Pages 37-45 (January 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.014 Copyright © 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The ambiguous roles of Clostridium butyricum in its host. Some C. butyricum strains have been reported to be pathogenic, expressing virulence factors (i.e. toxins such as enterotoxins or botulinum neurotoxin; enzymes such as neuraminidase; adhesion molecules; and secretion of high levels of butyric acid). Other C. butyricum strains have been reported to be beneficial, expressing host protective factors (i.e. bacteriocins such as butyricin, pathogen inhibition, and secretion of butyric acid). Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2016 22, 37-45DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.014) Copyright © 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions