ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

What is the Process Called? HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O) H2O

How Does That Happen? An Enzyme! ATPase

How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs. Another Enzyme is used! ATP Synthetase

The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP Synthetase ATP-ase

When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

Cellular Respiration Overview In both plants and animals **Glucose is broken down to produce ATP, with CO2 as a waste product.** Includes pathways that require oxygen (aerobic) and that do not require oxygen (anaerobic). Breakdown of one glucose results in 38 ATP molecules.

Aerobic Respiration – Equation C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 38 ATP food (glucose, a carbohydrate) oxygen water carbon dioxide Does this look familiar?

Comparing Photosynthesis to Respiration Plants use the products of respiration for their reactants Animals use the products of photosynthesis for their reactants For example, in photosynthesis (reactants) 6CO2 + 6H2O + SUNLIGHT  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (products) (reactants) C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP) (products)

Photosynthesis and Respiration

What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain

Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix

Glycolysis Summary Overall production of 2 ATP Takes place in the Cytoplasm Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) Overall production of 2 ATP Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid

A Little Krebs Cycle History Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish

2nd Stage: Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Produces 2 ATP’s Cyclical series of reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle. Turns twice per glucose molecule Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

Krebs Cycle ATP NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

3rd Stage: Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP Produced (by far the most) H2O Produced Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane

Cellular Respiration (anaerobic) What happens when cells don’t have enough oxygen? Some organisms live in an oxygen-free environment. How do they get their energy?

Cellular Respiration (anaerobic) Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation, or the process by which energy is released from glucose when oxygen is NOT available. This process allows organisms to continue to produce energy until oxygen is available. However, this process only releases 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.

Alcoholic Fermentation Anaerobic way of converting energy for yeast and other microorganisms Glucose broken down to produce alcohol, CO2 and energy (2 ATP) C6H12O6  ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP EX: baking bread with yeast fermenting wine & beer

Lactic Acid Fermentation Anaerobic way of converting energy in animal cells and some microorganisms Glucose broken down to produce lactic acid, CO2 and energy (ATP) C6H12O6  lactic acid + CO2 + 2 ATP EX: muscle cells during strenuous exercise, fermenting cheese, yogurt, sour cream

Strenuous Exercise Lactic acid is produced by your muscle cells during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough O2 to tissues. Without enough O2, the body is NOT able to produce all of the ATP that is required. The buildup of lactic acid can cause painful burning in your muscles!

Minimal ATP Production In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration only releases 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose broken down.

Comparing ATP Production First, your body breaks down glucose through aerobic respiration to produce 38 ATP per glucose molecule; however, this is a slow process. When muscle cells cannot get enough O2 they break down glucose through lactic acid fermentation to produce 2 ATP per glucose… Therefore, AEROBIC RESPIRATION is much more efficient in terms of ATP production – 38 ATP compared to 2 ATP!

Aerobic Training Ex: long runs, biking, swimming Can increase the size and number of mitochondria in muscle cells Can increase the delivery of O2 to muscles by improving the heart and lungs

Anaerobic Training Ex: sprints, strides, quick bursts of energy Increase the glycogen levels in the muscles Increase body’s tolerance to lactic acid