Human Evolution

What is a Primate A primate is a mammal that has: Flexible fingers and toes to grip Large thumbs and toes Ability to circulate arms Binocular Vision Well developed cerebellum and cerebrum

Cladogram

What are Anthropoids and Hominoids The anthropoids, or human like primates, include monkeys, great apes, and humans. Great apes are also called hominoids, and include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Recent DNA analyses confirm that chimpanzees are the most closely related to humans.

Cladogram

Cladogram Shows an evolutionary relationship between different organisms. Tells us which organisms evolved from common ancestors and at what point they did by looking at different characteristics.

Benchmark -Skull are larger to hold a larger brain. SC.912.L.15.10 (Assessed as SC.912.L.15.1) Identify basic trends in hominid evolution from early ancestors six million years ago to modern humans, including brain size, jaw size, language, and manufacture of tools. -Skull are larger to hold a larger brain. -Jaws are shorter - wisdom teeth removed -Modern man used tools…… -Communicate with language

W.A.R. DIET

Human Evolution in Skulls How many changes can you recognize in the Hominid skulls, moving from left to the right? Human Evolution in Skulls

Hominid Evolution: On The Origin of Humans.

What is a hominid? Any human-like species, including us.

Hominids are not the same as modern apes. Modern apes like chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans are not bipedal. Modern apes do not make tools. However, Chimpanzees are our closest relative - our DNA is 98% similar to theirs! Do we share a common ancestor?

Anthropologists compare the skulls, teeth, bones, and tools Anthropologists compare the skulls, teeth, bones, and tools. Together they begin to show our family tree - how we evolved to who we are today. Notice that most species have gone extinct - there are a lot of “dead ends”.

“Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds.” Discovered in Ethiopia in 1974. Dated at 3.2 million years old! 40% of her skeleton was found. Only four feet tall. Bipedal for certain. Her scientific name is Australopithecus afarensis, a distant ancestor to us, Homo sapiens. L U C Y

The Laetoli Footprints 3.6 million years old. Even older than Lucy. Clearly bipedal. Also showed that these early hominids walked together.

Homo habilis is the earliest fossil discovered so far. It is important to remember that there were several species in the genus Homo that came before Homo sapiens. Homo habilis is the earliest fossil discovered so far. (2.3 million years old) It means “handy man”. Homo habilis used very simple tools.

Since the first hominid fossils and artifacts were found, we have found literally hundreds of others. TOOLS

Intelligent (large brain, uses tools).

Intelligent (large brain, uses tools). Hominid Characteristics unique to humans Intelligent (large brain, uses tools).

The Brain Cerebrum: Top of the brain. Contains… Frontal lobe: Parietal lobe (Association lobe): Occipital lobe: Temporal lobe: Cerebellum: “the little brain”

The Brain

Bipedal (walks on two legs). Hominid Characteristics unique to humans Bipedal (walks on two legs). * Advantages of Walking Upright?

Walking Tall https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.walktall/walking-tall/?#.WgJEt7pFyT8

Homo erectus was a serious toolmaker and a fine hunter Homo erectus was a serious toolmaker and a fine hunter. Evidence also indicates that they were the first to use fire. * They were also known to care of the sick and bury the dead.

The most famous is Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal Man). Fossils of several other species in the genus Homo have also been found. The most famous is Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal Man). Neanderthal Man lived in Europe. They too went extinct. Probably lived side-by-side with Homo sapiens. Possibly interbred with them.

Brow Ridge Sagittal Crest

What happens to skull size?

Center Rear

FACIAL SLOPE: Use the protractor to measure the angle make by the face and the upper jaw when viewed from the side. Angle of facial slope

VESTIGIAL

In your notebook 1. Brow ridge is smaller List 6 ways that hominids have evolved over time. 1. Brow ridge is smaller 2. Cranium larger = larger brain 3. Face is Flatter - 90 degrees angle 4. Smaller Jaw- no room for wisdom teeth 5. Bipedal, uses tools and language 6. Magnum Foramen –center of the skull * Which vestigial structure in humans is linked to a shorter jaw? Wisdom Teeth

Human Evolution 1. Larger Brain- larger cranium (skull) * cared for the elderly * larger brain = development of language and manufacture of tools Face is flatter less protruding. * Diet has changed/use of tools means less jaw muscles = Shorter jaw– no room for wisdom teeth * Brow Ridge is less prominent

3. Bipedalism- walking upright on two feet. Can see further , freed up hands to carry things 4. Location of FORAMEN MAGNUM -in humans is located towards the center of the skull You might have to identify skull of HOMINIDS and place them in order of evolution.

1. As shown in the above picture, jaw size decreased as hominids evolved. Which of the following is a possible explanation for the decreasing jaw size? A. Later hominids used stone tools rather than teeth as basic tools therefore jaw size decreased. B. Early hominids were quadrapedal walkers, which put stress on the jaw, making it bigger. C. Later hominids had a smaller cranium therefore jaw size decreased accordingly. D. Early hominids had greater language skills so they had a larger jaw size.

D. Temporal Mandibular Joint. 2. As shown in the below picture, jaw size decreased as hominids evolved. Which of the following structure may considered to vestigial? Mandible B. Mental foramen C. Wisdom teeth D. Temporal Mandibular Joint.

3. Of the skulls below, which one shows the most evidence of upright walking? A. Skull A B. Skull B C. Skull C D. Skull D

4. The Neanderthal skeleton known as the "old man" showed evidence of many injuries over a long life. Several broken bones had healed, and almost all of his teeth had fallen out. What does this most likely indicate? A. Neanderthal bones were very delicate and easily broken. B. The Neanderthals practiced cannibalism. C. The Neanderthals cared for the wounded and the elderly. D. The Neanderthals ate a lot of sugary foods, causing tooth decay.

5. Skulls can reveal many things about our hominid ancestors 5. Skulls can reveal many things about our hominid ancestors. What aspect of hominids is not related to skull anatomy? A. What they ate. B. Their hair and skin color. C. Whether they stood upright. D. The shape and size of their brain

Place Skulls in Order. Volunteers

Proof of evolution that you can find on your body https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFxu7NEoKC8