Chemistry of Life

add a slide with molecule image of all 4 macros and have them find the atoms they have most of and in common. Connect that to their food and reactions

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules “ “You are what you eat”

Carbon Bonding Organic molecules are made mostly of carbon. Most matter in living organisms is made of organic molecules. Use pg. 51-52 to answer the following question: How do carbon’s bonding properties contribute to the existence of a wide variety of biological molecules?

Carbon One of the most important elements found in living things Has 4 valence electrons which means it can form 4 bonds with other carbon atoms or other elements such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), phosphorous (P) 5

Macromolecules (polymers) Large Carbon Molecules-- are made from simpler molecules A monomer is a small, single molecules A polymer is a made of monomers linked in a long chain Macromolecules are large/GIANT polymers(can be thousands long) Use plastic “baby” toys to demonstrate. The monomers can be the same like in a watch band or different like in a bead necklace.

What is a MACROmolecule? A Large molecule with a complex structure A polymer built from monomers Macromolecule “little” molecule

Poly - mer Many Parts A long molecule made of monomers bonded together

Mono - mer One Part The “building blocks” of polymers A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

Three of life’s organic macromolecules are polymers Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids

EXAMPLES What do all these pictures have in common? They are large, complex structures that were all built by small “monomers” or building blocks called Legos.

Explain to your partner how these Lego structures are like Polymers Think – Pair – Share

Why would polymers need to be broken down? Think-Pair-Share Why would polymers need to be broken down?

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) Atoms: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Monomers = MONOSACCHARIDE (single sugar) Polymer= Polysaccharide FUNCTIONS- 1.) Major fuel/energy source for cells 2.) Building/structural material in plants

Ex: Starch is the plant form for energy storage Polymer= polysaccharide (means many- sugars) Ex: Starch is the plant form for energy storage Cellulose is fiber like structural material made of glucose monomers used in plant cell walls

Explain to your shoulder partner how a single glucose made into larger sugars?

Now with your shoulder partner, use your 4 carbohydrate cut outs and explain to them how a single glucose molecule (monomer) is made into a large Macromolecule like starch or cellulose. BE SURE to point out EXACTLY which atoms from both glucose molecules are involved.

What reaction forms the bonds between the monosaccharides to become a disaccharide or a polysaccharide? Condensation reaction(Dehydration synthesis)

Examples of Carbs

Why is Cellulose so strong? Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong material that’s difficult to break!

What reaction breaks the bond between the glucose molecules in glycogen so the monomers can be used for fuel? Hydrolysis

Carbs (cont.) Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates (cellulose) for structural purposes (wood)

PROTEINS

Monomer= amino acid Polymer= polypeptide

Proteins Atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen FUNCTIONS=- Some are enzymes that make/break chemical bonds transport materials through the cell membrane Connected together to make physical body structures-muscles, skin, hair, etc

What do ALL amino acids have in common What do ALL amino acids have in common? What is the 1 part of them that is different?

Proteins Monomers =amino acids. Amino acid chains= proteins Can be thousands long The number and order of amino acid determine protein type

20 different amino acids The number and sequence of amino acids determine the shape of the protein

Did you know? Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino acids.

Think – Pair – Share Where do we get the other 8 amino acids?

Polymers= polypeptide H20 Peptide Bonds connect amino Acids to form Polypeptide chains

Polymer= peptide (protein) The 20 different amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains , called ‘R’ groups. number and order of amino acids determines the type of protein. The 20 different amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains , called ‘R’ groups. number and order of amino acids determines the type of protein.

Proteins The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.

Monomers, as you know, can get together to form polymers. This is a diagram of two amino acids getting together to start forming a protein.

What small molecule is formed as the protein chain grows? That’s right, H2O, also known as WATER. This is called “dehydration synthesis”, and it’s a very common way for polymers to form from monomers.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic Acid MONOMER= a 3 piece UNIT called a nucleotide Phosphate Group 5-carbon sugar Nitrogen base

Polymer=DNA Double Stranded Covalent bond Hydrogen bond

Polymer = (2 Types) DNA or RNA DNA -RNA ID 3 similarities and 3 differences

Nucleic Acids Atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. FUNCTIONS- 1.)store/transmit hereditary/genetic info(that controls the making of traits/bodies). A gene is a section of DNA that controls the making of a trait

LIPIDS What are Lipids? Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments Hydrophobic (“hydro”=water; “phobic” = fearing) Consist mostly of hydrocarbons Do NOT consist of polymers

Lipids Atoms: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Monomer= NO true monomer/polymer FUNCTIONS 1.) Store energy 2.) form cell membranes(main macro. in membrane) EX: fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids They have a glycerol head that’s hydrophilic and fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats (b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid cis double bond causes bending Oleic acid Unsaturated fats : one or more double bonds between carbons in the fatty acids allows for “kinks” in the tails liquid at room temp most plant fats Saturated fats: No double bonds in fatty acid tails solid at room temp most animal fats (a) Saturated fat and fatty acid Stearic acid

Phospholipids Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group. Function: Main structural component of membranes, where they arrange in bilayers.

Waxes Function: Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings.

Macromolecule practice The following picture is a monomer for which macromolecule? What is the monomer for carbs? The job of lipids is what? What’s the difference between a monomer and a polymer?