AP Chapter 21 Environmental Policy

Federalism US environmental policy involves state co-operation in order to work Fed tries to control with EIS Nat. Environ. Act of 1969-

Controversial Issue groups on the environment tend to be some of the most adversarial The sides of the issues are somewhat emotionally charged from the onset Hard to prove/determine the outcome of the policy Geography is a major part of it

Sectionalism Each region of the country face unique environmental concerns Earthquakes vs hurricanes Sun vs snow Floods vs drought Most solutions become client issues

NIMBY-ism No one wants the bad stuff- only the good Ex- nuclear waste deposits

Etrepreneurial model Few pay, all benefit Oil spills, global warming, protecting an endangered species (Lakeside MS)

Majoritarian model All pay, all benefit (must believe that the costs are relatively low) Clean air, EPA laws, Endangered species High cost- gas tax (prices rise to the consumer)

Interest Group model Few pay, few benefit Acid rain prevention, zoning laws The Superfund

Client model All pay, few benefit Agriculture laws (low % of farmers) Pesticides, fertilizer, forestry

The question…. Many environmental issues are from the pro-active viewpoint Reactive is too late and is usually a political nightmare (think school safety issues- too late is very bad)

The solutions….. The means justifying the ends is tough when the end is uncertain Uncertain is a big roll of the dice on some issues (2 headed fish) Usually a cost/benefit argument Can we measure the results/goals? Command-and-control policy by Congress

The Superfund Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 1980- President Carter Taxed chemical and petroleum co’s Gave US govt. power to sue co’s who polluted Deals with hazardous waste/ brown- fields

The effectiveness of the Super Fund Hard to find a company to sue Time consuming to clean up sites- some had been built on The sheer # of sites overwhelmed the EPA (Love Canal- NY)

(worms by the way are now an invasive species in Ohio) Many issues are becoming global….. A whole-nother can of worms… (worms by the way are now an invasive species in Ohio)