Osteoarthritis year in review 2016: imaging

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Osteoarthritis year in review 2016: imaging M. Boesen, K. Ellegaard, M. Henriksen, H. Gudbergsen, P. Hansen, H. Bliddal, E.M. Bartels, R.G. Riis Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 25, Issue 2, Pages 216-226 (February 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.009 Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Number of original imaging studies in OA published yearly since 2011. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2017 25, 216-226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 CBM of the proximal femur28. The CBM image analysis pipeline establishes the effects of age, weight, radiological grade of disease, or any other relevant covariate on quantities measurable in standard clinical CT data. In this example, the relationship between cortical bone thickness in the proximal femur and KLG from digitally reconstructed radiographs is tested. Note that the pipeline can be applied to any bone. (Courtesy of Tom Turmezei, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2017 25, 216-226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 WB and non-weightbearing Conebeam CT of the knee29–31. WB and NWB CBCT scan of a KOA patient with medial and lateral compartmental OA, multiple osteophytes and lateral degenerative meniscal tear. Note the decreased JSW in especially the medial compartment in WB as well as an increased extrusion of the lateral meniscus going from 3.91 mm in the non NWB scan to 6.41 mm in WB suggesting a biomechanical instability of the meniscus (Courtesy of Dr John A. Carrino, Hospital of special surgery, New York, and Dr Shadpour Demehri, John Hopkins Baltimore, Maryland, United States). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2017 25, 216-226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Region of interests (ROIs) and DCE-MRI perfusion MAPs of the synovium and periarticular muscles in a patient with KOA47,48. Axial DCE-MRI gradient echo (GRE) T1 w VIBE sequence (A–D) located just proximal to the patella in a representative patient with KOA, analysed with DYNAMIKA®, Image Analysis LTD, London, UK (www.imageanalysis.org.uk). A: ROIs around the synovium (red line) and all the peri-articular knee muscles avoiding major vascular branches (ROI extensor muscles: dark green and orange; ROI flexor muscles: blue, turquoise, light green and purple). B: Gd-enhancement map reflecting the contrast uptake pattern: Each image voxels are assigned and colour coded to one of four statistically approximated patterns of contrast uptake: (1) ‘no enhancement’ (no colour), (2) ‘persistent enhancement pattern’ (blue), (3) ‘plateau enhancement pattern’ (green) or (4) ‘washout enhancement pattern’ (red). C: Maps of initial rate of enhancement (IRE), and D: Maps of maximum enhancement (ME) – high values of IRE and ME are shown in bright yellow to white and lower values in a spectrum towards red colours representing the contrast kinetic in each voxel. White arrows: the popliteal artery. Blue arrows: enhancement in the synovium in the peripatellar space (Courtesy of Robert Riis and Elisabeth Bandak, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2017 25, 216-226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Volume and maximal area of Hoffas fatpad in the knee72,73: 3D reconstruction of manual segmentations of various structures in the knee showing the position and volume of the IPFP (yellow) confined by the femur (dotted lines), patella (dotted lines), tibia (solid light brown) and the ligamentum patellae (magenta). The illustration also shows the cartilages (blue) and the menisci (green). (Courtesy of Chondrometrics, Ainring, Germany, www.chondrometrics.com). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2017 25, 216-226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions