Fisheries Crime and the SDGs: The call and the tools for interagency policy cooperation Julia Kercher UNDP Oslo Governance Centre julia.kercher@undp.org FishCRIME, the 4th International Symposium On Fisheries Crime Copenhagen, 15-16 October 2018

What is new about the SDGs? More ISSUES addressed, e.g. inequalities (beyond gender inequalities) and peace and governance issues (see SDG 10 and 16) But also more DETAIL, e.g. MDGs had only one goal for all aspects of environment (now at least five, SDG 6, 12, 13, 14, 15) More COMPREHENSIVE, e.g. MDGs had 3 health related goals – focus on women and children, SDG consolidates all the issues and includes more in one Goal – FOR ALL

The 2030 Agenda – more than Goals Preamble & Declaration 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Means of Implementation & Global Partnership Follow-Up & Review Overarching Principles such as Universality Leave No One Behind Accountability Interlinkages & Policy Coherence MDGs were just about the WHAT, the 2030 Agenda talk about the WHAT and the HOW Universality: Applies to all countries, all countries have a shared responsibility Leave No One Behind: Identify those left behind and reach them first Accountability: Formal review mechanisms (all levels); Accountability is downward (people) and horizontal (peers), not upward (donors) Interlinkages & Integration: No goal can be achieved in isolation (silo), need to work across sectors – Fisheries Crime perhaps one of the best examples for this.

Interlinkages & Policy Coherence The 5 Ps of the 2030 Agenda The preamble of the 2030 Agenda states 5Ps that the Agenda seeks to address. The 5Ps help consider the different dimension of each issue. [Example for each] Now, this is interesting but why is this relevant from a policy perspective? Because every goal and every issue such as fisheries crime has several dimensions, no goal and no issue can be solved in isolation (SYNERGIES). In turn, policy interventions in the different areas affect each other so there can be TRADE-OFFS. [Example: harmful subsidies] Again, this sounds obvious but there is a practical problem: We are all organised in sectors, most of us are experts in one sector. Those developing and implementing fisheries policies tend to be fisheries experts, not experts on organized crime, the justice system or corruption. So 2030 Agenda says: We need interagency policy cooperation.

Where is FishCrime in the SDGs? (Selection) 14.4 - End overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 14.6 - Prohibit fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing 16.3 – Improve rule of law and access to justice 16.4 – Reduce illicit financial and arms flows, organized crime 16.5 – Reduce corruption and bribery 16.6 – Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions 16.10 – Access to information and fundamental freedoms SDG 16 = Enabler for many other SDGs

Identify Interlinkages – A Tool for Non-Governance Experts SDG 16 Tar gets ANALYSIS NOTES Issue : Fishermen work in slave - like conditions in remote places (e.g. Benjina) Other r elevant Target/s ECONOMIC SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL Details Sources of Information Aspect Decreasing profitability Relevant Target/s 14.4 , 14.6, 14.b, 12.8, 8 .7, 8.8, 2.4 Forced labour 8 .7, 8.8, Decreasing fish stocks CONS ENABL REINF INDIV Can reducing VIOLENCE catalyse progress on this dimension? (16.1) X Yes: the issue itself is physical abuse and death threats against fishermen on vessels Global Slavery Index: https://www.globalslaveryin dex.org/2018/findings/impo rting risk/fishing/ Greenpeace: https://unctad.org/en/Publi cationChapters/ditcted2016 d3_part3_en.pdf ILO: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp 5/groups/public/ --- ed_norm/ de claration/documents/publ ication/wcms_515365.pdf declaration/documents/publ icati on/wcms_429359.pdf Can ending abuse, exploitation, trafficking or other forms of VIOLENCE against and torture of CHILDREN progress on this dimension? (16.2) Yes: The issue itself is t rafficking of (underage) fishermen in to work for exploitative fishing companies Can improving the RULE OF LAW and ensuring access to JUSTICE progress on this dimension? (16.3) Yes: I mprove s a ccess to remedy for exploited workers and act as deterrent for operators ( prevention) enforcement of labour and fisheries/fleet standards Yes: I enforcement of fishing quotas Can reducing ILLICIT FINANCIAL AND ARMS FLOWS, the state of stolen assets and ORGANIZED CRIME dimension? (16.4) M ake it harder to use f ishing companies to launder money from organised crime , e.g. prostitut ion Can reducing CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY on this dimension? (16.5) it harder for authorities (e.g. coast guard ) to cast a blind eye to conditions on vessels it harder for authorities to cast a blind eye on illegal overfishing Can EFFECTIVE, ACCOUNTABLE AND TRANSPARENT INSTITUTIONS at all levels dimension? (16.6) access to remedy for Yes: Would improve enforcement of labour Yes: Would improve enforcement of fishing quotas Formulate the issue at hand. If possible, identify economic, social and environmental aspects of the issue and identify SDG target/s that relate to each aspect. Consider the SDG 16 targets and assess if any of them could enable progress on the issue. Distinguish between four levels of interaction (adapted from ICSU 2017): CONSistent = neutral relationship, ENABLing = enables achievement, REINForcing: directly creates conditions that lead to achievement, INDIVisible: inextricably linked. Note down details as well as key sources of information you are using to make this assessment

Leverage Interlinkages – A Tool for Collaboration Co-operation? Co-ordination? Integration? UN World Public Sector Report 2018 To unpack the problem, explore its immediate, underlying and structural causes and summarize a few points. Make use of the knowledge of the different actors participating in the discussion. Find out whether there are existing policies to address the problem at any of these levels and note them down. Specify the state actors that have responsibilities (at national and sub-national level) based on existing policies. Also note down other, non-governmental actors that can influence the problem. Discuss why these actors are not solving the problem the way existing policies envisage them to – or, more constructively: What do they need so they can act (capacity gaps)? Finally, explore how some of these capacity gaps can be filled through increasing policy integration across sectors. The UN World Public Sector Report 2018 refers to three levels of policy integration proposed by Meijers and Stead (2004) - discuss and agree actions that you want to take to work across sectors: co-operation: dialogue and information; co-ordination: in addition, transparency and an attempt to avoid policy conflicts; integration: in addition, joint working, attempts to create synergies between different sectors and the use of the same goals to formulate policy.

In short … The 2030 Agenda recognizes that Planet, People, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership cannot be tackled separately Fisheries Crime is addressed in several SDGs, esp. SDG 14 (Oceans) and 16 (Peace, Justice, Inclusion) The 2030 Agenda calls for interagency policy cooperation and UNDP is developing tools to support this

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