Plant Growth and Development Essential Standard 4.00: Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.

Objective 4.01 Explain the growth process of plants

Processes of plant growth Photosynthesis Respiration Absorption Transpiration Translocation Reproduction

Photosynthesis The food and manufacturing process in green plants that combines carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen. Formula: 6CO2+6H2O+672Kcal C6H12O6+6O2 Carbon Dioxide Light Energy Glucose Sugar Water Oxygen

Photosynthesis The main product of photosynthesis is sugar (in form of glucose) The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen

Respiration The process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis than they use through respiration.

Absorption The process by which plant roots take in water and air

Transpiration The process by which plants lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation Can also occur in stems

Translocation The process by which food and nutrients are moved within a plant from one plant part to another

Reproduction The plant process that increases plant numbers Usually by seeds Two main methods of reproduction are sexual and asexual

Osmosis Process by which minerals enter the plant through cell walls Process by which water enters the plant through cell walls

Light Photoperiodism is the response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles Short day plants require long nights to flower Ex: azalea, poinsettia Long day plants require short nights to flower Ex: African violets, spinach Phototropism is the tendency for plants to grow toward a light source

Moisture 90% of plant tissue is made mostly of water Water carries nutrients throughout the plant

Stages of Plant Growth Juvenile-when a plant first starts to grow from a seed Vegetative – second stage of growth that begins after the plant begins photosynthesis and actively grows leaves, stems, and roots prior to flowering Reproductive-when a plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits Dormant-when a plant rests or grows very little, if any

Plant Cells Basic unit of growth A nucleus and a mass of protoplasm contained within a plasma membrane

Parts of a Plant Cell Nucleus location of plant’s genetic and hereditary make-up

Parts of a Plant Cell Protoplasm Plasma Membrane the living matter of the cell Plasma Membrane surrounds protoplasm and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases into and out of cell

Parts of a Plant Cell Cell Wall rigid and provides support for the cell and thus the whole plant

Parts of a Plant Cell Other Structures Chloroplasts Vacuole Plastids Mitochondrion

Plant Cells

Plant tissue A group of cells with similar origin and function Classified according to their origin, structure and physiology Structure of permanent tissue simple-usually one type of cell complex-several types of cells

Tissue origin and function Meristematic-near tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur Vascular cambium-increase growth in diameter of stems

Simple Tissues Epidermal-one-cell thick, outer layer, protects and prevents water loss Sclerenchyma-have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures

Other tissues Collenchyma-have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures Parenchyma-fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients

Phases of the asexual cycle Vegetative-growth and development of buds, roots, leaves and stems cell elongation-stage when cells enlarge differentiation-stage when cells specialize Reproductive or flowering-plant develops flower buds that will develop into flowers, fruits and seeds

Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and Nutrients on Plants

Light Photoperiodism-response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles Necessary because of photosynthesis Not enough light causes long, slender, spindly stems Too much light will cause plants to dry out faster

Moisture Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are mostly water and water carries nutrients Not enough water causes wilting and stunted growth Too much water causes small root systems and drowning which is a result of air spaces in soil being filled with water

VS Temperature Needs vary depending on type of plants Either too high or too low will have adverse effects VS

Nutrients Essential for optimal plant conditions Has little effect on seed germination

Combining growth factors Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum plant growth Each has an effect on the other factors Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth causes diseases to be more severe in their damages to plants

Hardiness Zones

Hardiness Zones North Carolina Considers minimum temperature extremes Zones 6 to 8 Considers minimum temperature extremes Zone 6 -10 to 0 degrees F Zone 7 0 to 10 degrees F Charlotte Zone 8 10 to 20 degrees F