Unit 1 – Biochemistry - Question 1 All organic compounds contain what element? Carbon What are the two other elements most commonly found in organic compounds? Hydrogen and Oxygen Nitrogen and Phosphate are also commonly found

Question 2 Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds. Covalent= sharing of electrons Ionic= Electrons are donated or accepted.

17 Question #3 Carbohydrate Carbonyl (C=0) Hydroxyl (OH)   Structure of the Compound Function of the Compound in the Human Body / Cell Functional Group(s) Monomers -what do we call them? -what are some examples? Polymers Carbohydrate Carbonyl (C=0) Hydroxyl (OH) Monosaccharides -glucose, fructose, galactose Polysaccharides -cellulose, starch, glycogen Energy Protein Carboxyl (COOH) Amine (NH2) Amino Acid -glycine, alanine, leucine Polypeptide chain Enzymes – speed up reactions Structure of your body Antibodies Lipid Glycerol & Fatty Acids Triglycerides Wax Phospholipid Steroids Store Energy Insulate the body Protect the body Nucleic Acid X     Nucleotide DNA & RNA Store and Express the instructions for life 17

4. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water. O - + H Polar = molecule where charges are unevenly distributed (magnet) Water is polar because there is an uneven distribution of e- between oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Nonpolar = equal sharing of e-

Question 6 Hydrophilic- water loving. These substances interact well with water Generally polar molecules Hydrophobic- water fearing. Do not mix with water. Non-polar molecules

7. Explain acids and bases using the PH scale. Acids are on the lower side of the PH scale. If it’s lower than 7 than it’s an acid; if it’s higher than 7, it’s a base. Acid < 7 Neutral=7 Base > 7

Question 8. Enzymes are known as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions. They help build-up or break-down many molecules. Amylase Lactase Ligase Helicase The names have the same –ase ending.

Question 9 Enzymes help lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. This is really helpful for cells since so many chemical reactions need to take place quickly, that without enzymes it would take too long and the organism would eventually die.

10. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity? Temperature PH Enzyme concentration Substrate concentration Inhibitors

11. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the enzyme? All of these factors can denature an enzyme, or make it stop working by changing the structure. The enzyme works best at their optimum temperature, PH, etc.

Question 12 Element- basic building blocks of all matter- found on the periodic table- pure Molecule-multiple elements together. Atom- Smallest building block of all matter (proton, neutron, electrons) Compound- Multiple elements bonded together

Unit 2 – Cell Physiology #13 and 14 Unicellular and Multicellular Example: Plants/Animals Complex Nucleus Unicellular Example: Bacteria Primitive No Nucleus Ribosomes DNA Cell Membrane Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Question 15 Nucleus- the cell’s genetic control center; stores DNA, makes ribosomes, and directs the synthesis of proteins through RNA Plasma Membrane- composed of lipids and proteins that hold together the cell and regulates what enters/leaves Ribosomes- make proteins Mitochondrion- where cellular respiration occurs; food->energy

Question 15 Chloroplasts- where photosynthesis occurs; sunlight->energy Lysosomes- enzymes break down food, damaged organelles, and bacteria Golgi Body- distributes proteins to various parts of the cell; “shipping center” Vacuoles- stores pigment, poison, food, and water Cell Wall- protects cell and gives it a rigid shape

Question 16 What organelles are found in most prokaryotic cells? Ribosomes, the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the cytoplasm are all found in prokaryotic cells.

Question 17 What organelles are present in a plant cell that are absent in an animal cell? The cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole are not found in animal cells.

Levels of Organization Question 18 Levels of Organization Simplest Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Most Complex

Active Passive Question 19 Low to High High to Low Yes No Create a table comparing passive and active transport. 1) What direction is the concentration gradient? 2) Is ATP required? 3) What is the goal of this process? Active Passive Low to High High to Low Yes No Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function against the concentration gradient- Goal: to create a concentration gradient Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function with the concentration gradient- Goal: to reach equilibrium

Question 20 Define the following terms and classify them as either passive or active Diffusion: The tendency of molecules to spread out into less concentrated space (Passive) Osmosis: The diffusion of water over the cell membrane (Passive) Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion with the assistance of a protein (Passive) Endocytosis: The process in which a cell absorbs a molecule into itself (Active) Exocytosis: The process in which a cell disperses a molecule from within itself (Active)

Question 21 Label a Phospholipid Bilayer: Hydrophilic (Exposed to Water) Hydrophobic (Away from water)

Question 22 How do substances affect cells?

Question 23: Define Homeostasis: Homeostasis is the constant maintenance within an animal that occurs in order to compensate for disrupting changes. In a sense, it is the force that keeps an animal in a stable condition.