Topic 23 – Part 4 An American Empire Unit #7— Topic 23 – Part 4 An American Empire

C. Crisis in the Philippines Military Rule Immediate occupation of the Philippines came following the Spanish-American War. Filipinos did not like Spanish control and now organized against American “occupation.”

C. Crisis in the Philippines (Cont’d . . .) Post-war Philippines (1899—1902) Following the liberation of the Philippines from Spanish rule, many Filipinos became dissatisfied with United States rule. Emilio Aguinaldo Rebel leader who led a resistance against the United States for independence of the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo

C. Crisis in the Philippines (Cont’d . . .) Philippine-American War A conflict for Filipino independence (1899-1902) following the end of the Spanish-American war. When the war ended, a new government was established with the Filipinos electing a lower house, while the United States elected an upper house. Following the end of World War II, the Philippines won its independence (July, 1946).

D. Anti-Imperialist League Organized in the 1890s to oppose any further expansion and colonization by the United States. One leader of the movement was Mark Twain.

E. Organizing Acquisitions Philippines Under William Taft In 1901, Taft became the civil governor of the Philippines. Congress declared the Philippines an unorganized territory in 1902. The Jones Act of 1917 affirmed the United States intention to turn give independence to the Philippines at some point in the future.

E. Organizing Acquisitions (Cont’d . . .) Civil Government in Puerto Rico The Foraker Act of 1900 established a civil government for the island with the president appointing a governor, a council, and House of Delegates. Residents were declared citizens of the United States with the passage of the Jones Act in 1917.

E. Organizing Acquisitions (Cont’d . . .) Issues with Cuba Cuba rebels and the United States military began to clash over who was in control (not too long after the defeat of the Spain). Dr. Walter Reed help led a commission to end the spread of yellow fever on the island. The passage of the Platt Amendment limited the power of the Cuban government and helped establish a United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay).

VI. Imperial Rivalries in the Far East

A. Japan Modernization Japanese Imperialism In the First Sino-Japanese War (1894—1895), Japan acquired many new islands (including the island of Formosa). China’s weakness in the war with Japan brought other European powers (primarily Russia, Germany, France, and Great Britain) into a scramble for a “sphere of influence” for control of East Asia.

B. Spheres of Influence in China

B. Spheres of Influence in China (Cont’d . . .) Sphere of Influence European domination or “sphere of influence” of Asia dominated the region for the first four decades of the 20th century.

B. Spheres of Influence in China (Cont’d . . .) John Hay United States Secretary of State who issued policies to expand United States influence in Asia. “Open Door” Notes Letters to imperialist nations suggesting that they share trading rights in Asia. John Hay

C. The Open-Door Policy British Initiatives Unilateral Action Policies of the Open-Door Note Reactions of other Nations European domination or “sphere of influence” of Asia dominated the region for the first four decades of the 20th century.

D. Boxer Rebellion “Boxer Rebellion” In 1900, a rebellion broke out by the “Boxers” (Chinese nationalists known as the “Fists of Righteous Harmony”) against colonial powers in Peking (the Chinese capital). The fighting was put down after fifty-five days of holding-out against Boxer nationalists. An international expedition mobilized to finally relieve the embassy compound (the site of the hold out).

D. Boxer Rebellion (Cont’d . . .)

VII. Roosevelt’s Diplomacy

A. Background of Teddy Roosevelt Born in 1858 to a wealthy Manhattan family (sickly childhood). Graduated in 1880 from Harvard. Very energetic, competitive, and expressive. Moved West in 1884 after the death of his wife and his mother – lived the life of a cowboy, hunted, fought and Indians.

A. Background of Teddy Roosevelt (Cont’d . . .) After returning to NYC, TR worked as a civil service commissioner and chief of police. President William McKinley appointed TR to become the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (despite his jingoism). In 1898, he quite his job to become a member of the “Rough Riders” and fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Won election as governor of New York.

B. Imperialism & the 1900 Election McKinley’s Vice President TR was selected as McKinley’s VP and helped defeat the Democrats who had nominated William Jennings Bryan in 1900.

B. Imperialism & the 1900 Election (Cont’d . . .)

B. Imperialism & the 1900 Election McKinley’s Assassination Speaking at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY, McKinley was shot by an anarchist (Leon Czolgosz). TR became president (September 14, 1901) at the age of 42. Modern Presidency TR dominated the news during his entire presidency and helped create a “modern presidency” as we know it today. He saw the presidency as a “bully pulpit” for him to make decisions and help shape legislation.