Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages (December 2018)

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Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 183-189 (December 2018) The medial coracoclavicular ligament: anatomy, biomechanics,and clinical relevance—a research study  Daniel Moya, MD, Luciano A. Poitevin, MD, Daniel Postan, MD, Guillermo A. Azulay, MD, Sergio Valente, MD, Fernando Giacomelli, Eng, Luis A. Mamone, MRI Technologist  JSES Open Access  Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 183-189 (December 2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.jses.2018.07.001 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 (A) Linear length measurement of the ligament. (B) Sequential transection of the ligaments under a constant load (left shoulder). Ac, acromioclavicular; Co, coracoid process; Cl, clavicle; MCCL, medial coracoclavicular ligament, black arrow: cephalic traction. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 183-189DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.07.001) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 (A) Tensile test machine. (B) Tensile strength test. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 183-189DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.07.001) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 (A) Coracoid origin: anterosuperior and posteroinferior bundles (right shoulder). Co, coracoid process; Cl, clavicle; MCCL, medial coracoclavicular ligament; AS, anterosuperior bundle; PI, posteroinferior bundle. (B) Fascial expansions (right shoulder). M, medial; S, superior, I, inferior; Co, coracoid process; Cl, clavicle; MCCL, medial coracoclavicular ligament. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 183-189DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.07.001) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 (Right shoulder) (A) Transection of the capsule and acromioclavicular ligaments. (B) Transection of the lateral coracoclavicular ligaments, showing further increase of the acromioclavicular distance. (C) Before and (D) after the transection of the medial coracoclavicular ligament (MCCL). Ac, acromion; Co, coracoid process; Cl, clavicle; black arrows, acromioclavicular distance. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 183-189DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.07.001) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Sequential transection of the ligaments under x-ray control. (A) Intact capsule and ligaments under traction. (B) After the transection of the capsule and acromioclavicular ligaments. (C) Transection of the lateral coracoclavicular ligaments (conoid and trapezoid). (D) After transection of the medial coracoclavicular ligaments. Notice the additional increase in acromioclavicular distance. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 183-189DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.07.001) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 (A) Mechanical strength curves of the 4 isolated medial coracoclavicular ligament tests. Each curve corresponds to a different specimen. (B) Mechanical strength curves of the 4 specimens including all of the ligaments (conoid, trapezoid, and medial coracoclavicular ligament). JSES Open Access 2018 2, 183-189DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.07.001) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 (A) Ligament staggered rupture pattern. (B) Medial coracoclavicular ligament (MCCL) has 27% the strength of the lateral coracoclavicular ligaments (LCCLs). JSES Open Access 2018 2, 183-189DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2018.07.001) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions