World History The Enlightenment Chapter 5 Section 1 and 2 World History The Enlightenment

What Goes Up, Must Come Down If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world… why not use reason to discover natural laws, or laws that governed human nature? The Scientific Revolution led to another revolution in thinking, which came to be known as the Enlightenment

Can This Reason be Used for Other Things? Through the use of reason people and governments could solve social, political, and economic problems.

Same Circumstances, Different Outcomes Two thinkers set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment. Thomas Hobbes John Locke

Opposites Attract… many readers! Both lived during the time of the English Civil War but still produced writings with completely different views. Baby born naturally evil (cruel, greedy, selfish) Hobbes believes that: People are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. People entered into a social contract, in order to live in an organized society.

Give A Little, Take A Little Only an absolute monarch can ensure an orderly society.

The People Demand Relevance!! So what’s the relevance to today? People must be controlled or else society might have massive chaos. What rights do we give up today? What is the Patriot Act?

Patriot Act…uhhh What? Act of the U.S. Congress that was signed into law by President Bush on October 26, 2001. The title of the Act (PATRIOT), stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. Dramatically reduced restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records

On a Happier Note…. John Locke had a more optimistic view on human nature. He believed that people were basically reasonable and moral People have certain natural rights.

Do I Smell a Revolution??? A government has a duty to the people it governs. If a government fails, the people have the right to overthrow it.

A More Level Playing Field Baron de Montesquieu studied the governments of Europe from Italy to England. The separation of powers is the best way to protect liberty. In 1748, Montesquieu published Spirit of the Laws In it he discussed governments throughout history and wrote admiringly about Britain’s limited monarchy Each branch of government should serve as a check on the others.

Anything is Possible! Thinkers called philosophes believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society. Philosophe translates directly to “philosopher” or “lovers of wisdom” One of the most famous of the philosophes was Francois- Marie Arouet, who took the name Voltaire.

Lock Him Up! Defended the principle of freedom of speech. Used wit to expose abuses and corruption. Was eventually imprisoned for his writings in the Bastille.

So That’s Where It Comes From…. Another philosophe Denis Diderot labored for more than 25 years to produce a 28 volume Encyclopedia, which means “circle of teachings”. His purpose was to “change the general way of thinking” The Encyclopedia articles: Denounced slavery Praised freedom of expression. Urged education for all.

Happy People + Evil Society= Corrupted Unhappy People The most controversial philosophe was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Believed that people were basically good and that they were corrupted by the evils of society.

Less Interference Argued that government controls should be minimal and should only be imposed by a freely elected government. Felt the good of the community should be placed above individual interests.

Girl Power!!!! Women did have natural rights , according to the philosophes, but their rights were limited to areas of the home and family. They questioned the notion that women were by nature inferior to men and that men’s domination of women was therefore part of “nature’s plan”.

Butt Out Government! Thinkers called physiocrats focused on economic reforms, looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system. Physiocrats rejected mercantilism which required government regulation of the economy to achieve a favorable balance of trade.

FREEDOM!!!!!!! Physiocrats were in favor of a policy called laissez faire allowing businesses to run with little or no government interference.

We Will Have Our Cake and Eat It Too! Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity. Wrote The Wealth of Nations which outlined his views of supply and demand. Also argued that the government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.

Party Poopers Who Don’t Like Change Paris, the heart of the Enlightenment, drew many intellectuals and others eager to debate. Government and Church officials tried to protect the old order. Translates to “literate thinker” Dreyfus Affair (1890’s/ 1900’s France)

Shhh! Don’t Let Them Know You’re Smart! To defend against the attacks of the Enlightenment, they used censorship, the restricting of access to ideas and information. They banned and burned books and imprisoned writers.

A Genius Hair Salon? NO! To combat against these acts Enlightened thinkers would gather in salons which were informal social gatherings where writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas. One of the most respected salons was run by Madame Geoffrin. Mozart and Diderot were regular attendants.

Enlightened despots Catherine the Great of Russia the absolute monarchs in 18th century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment. Joseph II of Austria

Enlightened Despot Numéro un Enlightened despots were absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change. FREDERICK THE GREAT Exerted tight control over subjects, but saw himself as a “first servant of the state.” Tolerated religious differences. Except for Jews he tried to limit the number of Jews allowed to live in Prussia. Distributed seeds and tools to peasants.

Help me, help you Catherine the Great Was interested in Enlightenment ideas but intended to give up no power Made some limited reforms in law and government.

Joseph II- Rebel With A Cause!! Most radical of enlightened despots. Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews. Ended censorship and tried to control the Catholic Church. Sold church property to build hospitals. Eliminated the death penalty and torture. Unfortunately these reforms only remained until his death then things went back to the way they were. * Serfdom was the enforced labour of serfs on the fields of landowners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.

Books and Such Literature Literature developed new forms and a wide new audience. Middle class readers enjoyed stories about their own times.

Rococo Artists and designers developed the rococo style, which was personal, elegant, and charming. elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s, featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers.

Baroque ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s. Baroque Greek and Roman tradition or in a grand complex style. Palace at Versailles