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BIRTH, OR PARTURITION Stages of labor Stage one—period from onset of uterine contractions until dilation of the cervix is complete Stage two—period from the time of maximal cervical dilation until the baby exits through the vagina Stage three—process of expulsion of the placenta through the vagina Slide 5

POSTNATAL PERIOD Postnatal period begins at birth and lasts until death Divisions of postnatal period into isolated time frames can be misleading; life is a continuous process; growth and development are continuous Obvious changes in the physical appearance of the body—in whole and in proportion—occur between birth and maturity (Figure 21-9) Divisions of postnatal period Infancy Childhood Adolescence and adulthood Older adulthood Slide 6

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POSTNATAL PERIOD Infancy First 4 weeks called neonatal period (Figure 21-10) Neonatology—medical and nursing specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the newborn Many cardiovascular changes occur at the time of birth; fetus is totally dependent on mother, whereas the newborn must immediately become totally self-supporting (in respect to respiration and circulation) Respiratory changes at birth include a deep and forceful first breath Developmental changes between the neonatal period and 18 months include: Doubling of birth weight by 4 months and tripling by 1 year 50% increase in body length by 12 months Development of normal spinal curvature by 15 months (Figure 21-11) Ability to raise head by 3 months Ability to crawl by 10 months Ability to stand alone by 12 months Ability to run by 18 months Slide 8

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POSTNATAL PERIOD Childhood Extends from end of infancy to puberty—13 years in girls and 15 in boys Overall rate of growth remains rapid but decelerates Continuing development of motor and coordination skills Loss of deciduous (baby) teeth and eruption of permanent teeth Slide 11

POSTNATAL PERIOD Adolescence and adulthood Average age range of adolescence varies; usually considered to be from 13 to 19 years Period of rapid growth resulting in sexual maturity (adolescence) Appearance of secondary sex characteristics regulated by secretion of sex hormones Growth spurt typical of adolescence; begins in girls at about 10 and in boys at about 12 (Figure 21-12) Growth plates fully close in adult; other structures such as the sinuses assume adult placement Adulthood characterized by maintenance of existing body tissues Degeneration of body tissue begins in adulthood Slide 12

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POSTNATAL PERIOD Older adulthood (Figure 21-13) Degenerative changes characterize older adulthood (also called senescence) Every organ system of the body undergoes degenerative changes Senescence culminates in death Slide 14

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EFFECTS OF AGING Skeletal system Integumentary system (skin) Aging causes changes in the texture, calcification, and shape of bones Bone spurs develop around joints Bones become porous and fracture easily Degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis are common Integumentary system (skin) With age, skin “sags” and becomes thin, dry, wrinkled Pigmentation problems are common Frequently thinning or loss of hair occurs Slide 16

EFFECTS OF AGING Urinary system Nephron units decrease in number by 50% between ages 30 and 75 Blood flow to kidney decreases and therefore ability to form urine decreases Bladder problems such as inability to void completely are caused by muscle wasting in the bladder wall Slide 17

EFFECTS OF AGING Respiratory system Calcification of costal cartilages causes rib cage to remain in expanded position—barrel chest Wasting of respiratory muscles decreases respiratory efficiency Respiratory membrane thickens; movement of oxygen from alveoli to blood is slowed Slide 18

EFFECTS OF AGING Cardiovascular system Degenerative heart and blood vessel disease is among the most common and serious effects of aging Fat deposits in blood vessels (atherosclerosis) decrease blood flow to the heart and may cause complete blockage of the coronary arteries Hardening of arteries (arteriosclerosis) may result in rupture of blood vessels, especially in the brain (stroke) Hypertension or high blood pressure is common in older adulthood Slide 19

EFFECTS OF AGING Special senses All sense organs show a gradual decline in performance with age Eye lenses become hard and cannot accommodate for near vision; result is farsightedness in many people by age 45 (presbyopia, or “old eye”) Loss of transparency of lens or cornea is common (cataract) Glaucoma (increase in pressure in eyeball) is often the cause of blindness in older adulthood Loss of hair cells in inner ear produces frequency deafness in many older people Decreased transmission of sound waves caused by loss of elasticity of eardrum and fixing of the bony ear ossicles is common in older adulthood Some degree of hearing impairment is universally present in the aged Only about 40% of the taste buds present at age 30 remain at age 75 --:-- Slide 20

And Then You DIE!!! The END Slide 21