Cellular Metabolism Metabolism=the sum of all chemical processes in a cell. 2 types: Anabolism Catabolism

Anabolism Building large molecules from small ones Requires energy Occurs by dehydration synthesis-water is removed and bonds are formed Ex.monosaccharides joining to make a polysaccharide A 1 ana 2 ana 3 ana 4…

Catabolism Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones Releases energy Occurs by hydrolysis-water is used to break bonds Ex. Carbs into glucose Glycogen into glucose *Cat scratches couch

Enzymes Control metabolic processes by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction Combine with a substrate which are shape specific Remain unchanged after reacting with a substrate. Can be reused Can be denatured by extremes in temperature, pH, and chemicals

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP-energy carrying molecule Metabolic processes require energy. Can get ATP from: Anaerobic metabolism: does not require oxygen/takes place in cytoplasm/produces 2 ATP/lactic acid Aerobic metabolism: does require oxygen/occurs in mitochondria/36 ATP

ATP, cont. Energy can be released from the breakdown of carbs, lipids, and proteins Kreb’s cycle-aka Citric Acid Cycle series of chemical reactions that turns glucose/oxygen into ATP(energy)/CO2 Cellular Respiration is Geeky(GKE) 1-Glycolysis 2-Kreb’s Cycle 3-Electron Transport

Nucleic Acids Contain genetic information Examples: RNA and DNA Made of nucleotides DNA: adenine,thymine, guanine, and cytosine RNA: adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Found inside the nucleus Contains genetic information about the job of the cell Sugar-phosphate backbone with nucleotides joining in the middle(twisted double helix) Genes: small portion of the DNA that codes for one specific protein

DNA, cont. Sequence of nucleotides determines which amino acids are made and therefore which proteins will be made The code must be taken from the DNA(chromatin in nucleus) to the ribosomes where proteins are made……RNA does this

Ribonucleic Acid RNA takes down the code from DNA=transcription RNA takes the code to the ribosome where the ribosome “reads” the code=translation The ribosomes make the specific amino acids that the code calls for

Nucleic Acid funfacts Adenine bonds with Thymine Cytosine bonds with Guanine Start code=TAC Stop code=ATT Sit on a tack and start making proteins Use AT&T to call the ribosomes to stop making proteins….lame I know….

Things to Remember… 1 gene codes for 1 protein There are 20 different amino acids that our bodies can make 1 codon-enough info to make 1 aa 3 nucleotides =1 codon Codons can be found on DNA or mRNA Anticodons are only found on tRNA Genes are small sections on chromosomes Human diploid number=46(somatic) Human haploid number=23(gametes)