How does the Body Protect Itself?

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Presentation transcript:

How does the Body Protect Itself? The immune System

How does your immune system work? Ted ed video https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-the-immune-system-work- emma-bryce

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Immune System When the body is invaded by a foreign substance, the body recognizes it as not belonging and will mount an attack. An Antigen is any non-living particle the body recognizes as foreign A Pathogen is any disease causing agent (living or non- living: virus, some bacteria, parasites, etc) The body has three lines of defense in defending against pathogens. a foreign molecule capable of inducing an immune response).​ (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

The Players: Skin, White Blood Cells and Antibodies Barriers – skin, acid, oils, hair Macrophages – (phagocytes) engulf foreign invaders T Helper cells - stimulate B cells and Killer T cells Killer T cells - recognize and kill bodies own cells that are infected B cells – produce antibodies Antibodies – protein markers

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 First line of Defense Skin a physical barrier pathogens off. The sweat and oils on skin are slightly acidic. Gastric juices in your stomach can destroy some pathogens. Mucus and cilia (microscopic hairs) in your nose and throat prevent pathogens from entering your respiratory system. that stops most pathogens from entering the body. The skin is waterproof so you can wash See page 102 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Describe what each of the following “entry points” do to prevent entry of pathogens into the body: Entry blocked by… Eyes Tears, eyelashes Ears Ear wax Nose Mucus, cilia Mouth (and stomach) Gastric juice

Infection If pathogens are able to get past the first line of defence, for example, through a cut in your skin, an infection develops. The second line of defence is a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body. This is the immune system.

Ted Ed video: Cell vs Virus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqGuJhOeMek&feature=youtu.be

Second line of Defense: Innate Immune Response A response you are born with. The response is quick, Nonspecific (same for any pathogen) Macrophages (Phagocytes) engulf (surround) and kill pathogens in a process called phagocytosis. See page 102 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Characterized by Inflammation: Pain, redness, swelling, heat Fluid flows in to site of infection. This allows phagocytes to enter area and attack pathogen Phagocyte attacking bacteria: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X- ubCIcAh4M Fluid flowing in creates swelling https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-ubCIcAh4M See page 103 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Third Line of Defense: Acquired Immune Response highly specific attack on a specific pathogen or antigen. Involves B-cells and T-cells and antibodies. All acquired immune responses help give you active immunity. This means your body remembers how to fight a pathogen that has infected it before. This is why you get diseases such as chicken pox only once. Chicken Pox See page 104 - 105 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

How does it work? It begins with an ANITGEN (a foreign molecule capable of inducing an immune response). The term "antigen" comes from ANTI-body GENerating substances.

Step 1: Recognition - Antigen detected by phagocyte Phagocyte engulfs (eats) the invader Phagocyte presents part of the antigen on its surface This signals Helper T cells (type of white blood cell), T Cells become activated Recognize antigens or pathogens on the surface of macrophages and stimulate B cells and Killer T cells.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Killer T cells Recognize and kill the body’s own cells that have been invaded by pathogens, preventing the pathogen from reproducing in the cell and then infecting other cells. Killer T cells also kill cancer cells. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Step 2. Mobilization The activated T cells divide to produce clones (copies of themselves). Helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide, to also produce clones of themselves. Some B cells become Plasma cells Some B cells become Memory cells

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 3. Disposal Plasma cells make antibodies, which bind to antigens to make them harmless or mark them for destruction by other white blood cells the antibody is specific to the invading antigen  like a lock and key  This can take time –  this is why you can be sick for days/weeks. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 4. Immunity Some B cells become Memory cells will remain in the body for years.  Because they are clones of the first activated B cells, they have “memory” of that particular pathogen and will immediately recognize it to mount a fast attack, quickly neutralizing it before it take hold. This is how we become immune to certain diseases like chicken pox. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Immune Response (4 Steps) See page 105 Take the Section 3.1 Quiz (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Antibodies inactivate antigens by binding to them. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that circulate through the blood stream and bind to specific antigens, thereby attacking microbes. The body contains millions of different B cells, each able to respond to one specific antigen.

Cytotoxic T Cell Pathway The cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens on the surface of infected body cells. The cytotoxic T cells bind to the infected cells and secrete cytotoxins that destroys the infected cell. http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0 /chapter24/animation__cytotoxic_t- cell_activity_against_target_cells__quiz_1_.html

T Cell Pathway T-cells can either directly destroy the microbes or use chemical secretions to destroy them. At the same time, T cells stimulate B cells to multiply and produce antibodies and memory B cells. If the same antigen enters the body later, the memory B cells divide to make more plasma cells and memory cells that can protect against future attacks by the same antigen. When the T cells activate (stimulate) the B cells to divide into plasma cells, this is called antibody-mediated immunity. http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0 /chapter24/animation__the_immune_response.html

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Videos Ted ed three lines of defence https://youtu.be/oqGuJhOeMek Immune system explained Kurzgesagt Part I bacteria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s Immune system KidsHealth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJEc2GDEfz8 KidsHealth How Immune system works https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24IYt5Z3eC4&t=316s Sneeze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yToii3-p-NI Ted ed How are germs spread goldilocks http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-germs-spread-and-why-do-they-make-us- sick-yannay-khaikin-and-nicole-mideo Reading Check #1-6 pg 106 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Non4MkYQpYA (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Disorders of the Immune System ALLERGIES: An allergy is an unusually high sensitivity to a substance. Any substance that causes an allergic reaction is called an allergen. (common allergens: milk, pollen, dust) Side effects of an allergic reaction are a result of histamine. Histamine is a chemical that your body releases when you need to fight invaders. (common symptoms: runny nose and watery eyes) Severe allergies can cause anaphylactic shock (swelling, breathing difficulties, and sometimes death).

III. AIDS/HIV Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an infection of the immune system that leads to health complications and often death. AIDS is cause by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that attacks the immune system by infecting Helper T-cells.

AIDS

AIDS/HIV AIDS is transmitted by blood and semen. There’s no cure for HIV/AIDS, but a variety of medications can be used in combination to control the virus.

Why it’s so hard to cure HIV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TipTogQT3E

Taking Care of your Immune System Eat a well-balanced diet Maintain personal hygiene (bathing, washing hands, brushing teeth) Keep home clean Avoid tobacco and other non-prescription drugs Get plenty of rest and exercise Keep vaccinations up to date Do not engage in activities that involve sharing body fluids with others.

Immune Response Comic Strip (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007