and obesity-related kidney diseases

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and obesity-related kidney diseases Figure 3 Innate immunity and inflammatory pathways in diabetic nephropathy and obesity-related kidney diseases Figure 3 | Innate immunity and inflammatory pathways in diabetic nephropathy and obesity-related kidney diseases. In podocytes, thioredoxin (TRX)-interacting protein (TXNIP), a pro-oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory factor, activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by interacting with NALP3 in podocytes exposed to high glucose173. Under a high fat diet, mice lacking P2×7r exhibit reduced NLRP3, ASC, mature caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18174. In cultured podocytes, inhibition of NADPH oxidase abrogates NALP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production, and eventually protects podocytes from high glucose-induced injury159. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate NLRP3 inflammasomes under conditions of high glucose or in the presence of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)158. ASC is a component of NLRP3 inflammasome and small hairpin RNA-transfection of Pycard in mice on a high fat diet attenuates proteinuria, albuminuria, podocyte foot process effacement and loss of podocyte slit diaphragm molecules175. Human podocytes cultured with sera from normoalbuminuric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and high lipopolysaccharide activity show downregulation of PDK1, an activator of the Akt cell survival pathway, and induction of apoptosis148. Both Tlr2 and Tlr4 knockout mice were protected from development of diabetic nephropathy140,147,149. In glomerular endothelial cells, mitochondrial ROS induced by high glucose and AGEs provokes NLRP3 activation and production of caspase-1 and IL-1β158. TLR2 and TLR4 also mediate the activation of NF-κB and upregulation of MCP-1, IL-8, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which result in inflammation136,141,176. High glucose conditions increase the expression of TLR4, MyD88, IRF3, TRAM (TRIF-related adaptor molecule), activate NF-κB, and enhance the expression of MCP-1 and IL-6. Functional studies of innate immunity in mesangial cells, however, are lacking. TIR, Toll-like/IL-1 receptor; TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β. Wada, J. & Makino, H. (2015) Innate immunity in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2015.175