Today… Tidbits Sci Revolution Follow Up Ch 15 whirlwind  Eastern Absolutism Tidbits Calendar woes  will post tonight DBQ starting on Monday  Major grade!!

Faith and Reason Blaise Pascal Galileo – Separate faith from reason  What does he say in Pensees?  Wager? Galileo – Separate faith from reason “The Bible shows us how to go to Heaven, not how the heavens go” Newton – Science PROVES God The beautiful creation of such an orderly system of the universe "could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being."

Absolutism in Eastern & Central Europe Ch 15: Successful & Unsuccessful Paths to Power Absolutism in Eastern & Central Europe

Habsburg Austria Habsburg possessions consisted of Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary

Leopold I (1658 – 1705) – defeated Turks at Vienna Ferdinand II (1619-1637)- Remember him? Catholic, forced Catholicism on Bohemia, they deposed him, but he was victorious in Thirty Years War anyway Ferdinand III (1637 – 1657) –created a standing army, centralized and turned toward Hungary for land. Agreed to Peace of Westphalia Leopold I (1658 – 1705) – defeated Turks at Vienna Ferdinand II Titles for all three: Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary & Croatia, Archduke of Austria

Charles VI – Habsburg HRE, no male heir Pragmatic Sanction stated that the possessions should never be divided, all Habsburg possessions may go to a female heir

Brandenburg - Prussia The Hohenzollern family ruled the electorate of Brandenburg and Prussia Prussia became an official Kingdom under Frederick I because the HRE granted Frederick kingship for their help in the War of Spanish Succession (Before that only Bohemia was legally allowed to be a kingdom) Prussia = “Sand box” of the HRE because of its poor soil & limited resources

Thirty years war weakened the realm and allowed the Hohenzollerns to consolidate their absolutist rule Frederick William (the Great Elector) built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society Junkers were the noble landowners of Prussia Made a deal with the Junkers, stripping their power and winning their loyalty. In return they could demand loyalty of the serfs

Prussian Militarism – “Sparta of the North”

Frederick I (1688-1713) – sought to imitate Louis XIV, became first “King” of Prussia Frederick William I (1713-1740) – “Soldiers’ King,” took the military to its height (quadrupled its size) Frederick II “The Great” (1740-1786) – under him, territories increased and Prussia reached its greatest power. Enlightened despot Frederick II “The Great”

Russia Ivan the Terrible 1533-1584 Background: The tsars and boyars struggled over who would rule the state, the tsar won and created a “service nobility” who held the tsar’s land on the condition that they serve in his army Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible – fought wars against Mongols, launched a reign of terror against boyar nobility, he murdered leading boyars and confiscated their estates (no private property.) He monopolized mining and business activity, he assumed he owned all trade as he owned all land—Result: No Middle Class Many peasants fled his rule to the newly conquered territories forming outlaw armies called Cossacks Ivan the Terrible 1533-1584

Russia Background “Time of Troubles” – Increased pressured on the peasants to pay for his wars led to a breakdown of the Muscovite state after Ivan IV death. There was no heir, relatives of the tsar fought against each other Swedish and Polish armies invaded Cossack bands slaughter many nobles and officials Michael Romanov was elected tsar by the nobility in 1613 Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow – onion shaped domes a striking example of powerful Byzantine influences on Russian culture

Romanovs brought abut the total enserfment of the people, while the military obligations on the nobility were relaxed. Peasant life became more harsh Peter the Great (r 1682 – 1725) – reformed the army and forced the nobility to serve in his bureaucracy or army for life He created a western styled army, won the Great Northern War against Sweden, made education away from home for noble males mandatory Peter the Great – painting celebrates the power and determination of Russia's famous ruler

Military & Nobility He modernized the army and made Russia a great power in Europe Boyars – old nobility Table of Ranks – replaced the boyar – place in society was based on position, not lineage Streltsky – Moscow guards who had rebelled before, put down by Peter to secure his rule Peter the Great

Westernization Peter borrowed Western technology and hired Western advisors Visited Europe in disguise, was fascinated by it Infamously cut off the beards of nobles to break old traditions & encourage modernization, implemented Beard Tax to keep beard

St. Peterburg “Window to the West” Inspired by Venice, Amsterdam, Versailles Architecture played an important role in politics because it was used by kings to enhance their image and awe their subjects (Royal Place, favorite expression of absolutist power)

Great Northern War 1700-1721 Alliance with Denmark, Poland Invades Sweden, wants warm water ports Denmark and Russia initially defeated Peter reforms: nobles must serve for life; military schools; 5 years serve away from home; bureaucracy; higher taxes Battle of Poltava – Sweden is defeated End: Russia gains Estonia and Latvia, becomes Baltic power

The Expansion of Russia to 1725