Chapter 17 The Tide of War Turns (1863-1865)

Chapter 17 “The Tide of War Turns, 1863-1865” Section 3 “The North Wins” Main Idea: Thanks to victories, beginning with Gettysburg and ending with Richmond, the Union survived. Terms and Names: 1. Battle of Gettysburg 5. Siege of Vicksburg 2. Pickett’s Charge 6. William Tecumseh 3. Ulysses S. Grant Sherman 4. Robert E. Lee 7. Appomattox Court House

Chapter 17 “The Tide of War Turns, 1863-1865” Section 4 “The Legacy of the War” Main Idea: The Civil War brought great changes and new challenges to the United States. Terms and Names: 1. Thirteenth Amendment 2. John Wilkes Booth

I. What was the war’s human cost? A. The Civil war was the deadliest war in American history. 1. In four years of fighting, about 620,000 soldiers died. 2. The Union lost about 360,000 soldiers, and the Confederacy about 260,000. 3. About 535,000 soldiers were wounded. B. About 3 million soldiers served in the armies of the North and South, nearly 10 percent of the country’s population. The lives of many other Americans were disrupted by the war.

C. The war also had great economic costs. 1. Adjusted for inflation, the North and the South spent $79.7 billion*, more than 5 times the amount spent by the government in the previous 80 years. a. The North spent $59.6 billion (adjusted for inflation)*. b. The South spent $20.1 billion*. 2. Many years after the war, the federal government was still paying interest on loans taken out during the war. *Source: Congressional Research Service

II. What did the Thirteenth Amendment declare? A. One of the greatest effects of the war was the freeing of millions of enslaved persons through the Emancipation Proclamation. 1. As the Union army marched through the South during and after the war, soldiers released African Americans from slavery. 2. The Emancipation Proclamation applied mainly to slaves in the Confederacy. 3. However, African Americans in the border states were still enslaved.

2. It was now part of the United States Constitution. B. In 1864, Lincoln had approved a constitutional amendment to end slavery throughout the nation. Congress failed to pass it. C. In January 1865, Congress finally passed the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery in all of the United States. 1. By the end of the year, the required number of states had ratified the amendment. Congress passes the Thirteenth Amendment 2. It was now part of the United States Constitution.

III. Who killed President Lincoln? A. President Lincoln did not live to see the end of slavery. Five days after the South surrendered, he and his wife went to see a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. B. During the play, a Confederate supporter named John Wilkes Booth shot the president in the back of the head. 1. Lincoln died the next day. 2. He was the first American President to be assassinated.

3. Lincoln’s murder stunned the nation and caused intense grief. 4 3. Lincoln’s murder stunned the nation and caused intense grief. 4. The loss of his experience and political skills was a terrible setback for a people faced by the challenges of rebuilding their nation. 5. Booth managed to escape but was found several days later and killed by soldiers.

IV. How did the war affect the nation? A. In the North, the conflict changed the way people thought about the country. 1. In fighting to defend the Union, people began to think of the United States as a single nation rather than as a collection of states. 2. The war also caused the national government to expand. a. Before the war, the government was small and had limited powers. b. The demands of the war caused the government to grow larger and more powerful.

B. The war also transformed the Northern economy B. The war also transformed the Northern economy. New industries such as steel, petroleum, food processing, and manufacturing grew rapidly. C. For the South, the war brought economic disaster. 1. Farms and plantations were destroyed. About 40 percent of the South’s livestock were killed, and half its farm equipment was wrecked. Factories were destroyed, and thousands of miles of railroad tracks were torn up. In addition, slavery—the system that built the Southern economy—was gone.

D. The country as a whole faced difficult challenges after the war. 1 D. The country as a whole faced difficult challenges after the war. 1. How would the South be brought back into the Union? 2. What could be done for the thousands of wounded soldiers and those who survived the terrible conditions in the prison camps? 3. How would the nation address the needs of four million former slaves and bring them into national life? E. These questions would occupy the nation’s energies for many years to come.